About this quiz
Inclusion, Article 42, PR system, reservations and commissions.
This Lok Sewa practice set has 50 multiple-choice questions (Subject: Constitution and Governance · For: Nayab Subba, Kharidar, Section Officer · Level: Medium). Take the quiz above first; after that, use the study list below to revise every question with its correct answer and a short explanation.
Study list: all 50 questions with answers and explanations
In Nepali, inclusion is:
- A) समावेशीकरण ✔
- B) समानुपातिक
- C) संघीयता
- D) संविधान
Why: Inclusion in Nepali is समावेशीकरण: bringing excluded groups such as women, Dalits, Janajatis and Madhesis into state bodies and development.
Proportional representation means:
- A) Seats in proportion to votes or population ✔
- B) Seats only by force
- C) Seats only for one party
- D) Seats by lottery
Why: Under proportional representation (PR), seats are shared in proportion to votes or population, so smaller parties and groups also get seats.
The right to social justice is in Article:
- A) 42 ✔
- B) 18
- C) 48
- D) 76
Why: Article 42 gives the right to social justice: socially backward women, Dalits, Adivasi, Madhesi, Tharu, Muslims, indigent Khas Arya and others can take part in state bodies on the basis of inclusion.
Positive discrimination (special provisions for disadvantaged groups) is allowed under:
- A) Article 18 ✔
- B) Article 1
- C) Article 133
- D) Article 242
Why: Article 18 (right to equality) bans discrimination but, in clause 3, allows special legal provisions to protect and empower disadvantaged groups.
The Preamble commits Nepal to a system that is:
- A) Inclusive, proportional and participatory ✔
- B) Exclusive and centralised
- C) Military
- D) Monarchical
Why: The Preamble commits Nepal to an inclusive, proportional and participatory system to end discrimination based on class, caste, region, language, religion and gender.
How many members are in the House of Representatives?
- A) 275 ✔
- B) 165
- C) 110
- D) 601
Why: Under Article 84, the House of Representatives has 275 members: 165 elected by FPTP and 110 by PR.
How many HoR members are elected by FPTP?
- A) 165 ✔
- B) 110
- C) 275
- D) 59
Why: 165 members are elected by FPTP, one from each of the 165 constituencies.
How many HoR members are elected by PR?
- A) 110 ✔
- B) 165
- C) 59
- D) 56
Why: 110 members are elected by PR, with the whole country as one constituency, from closed party lists.
The minimum PR vote share a party needs to get PR seats in the HoR is:
- A) 3% ✔
- B) 1%
- C) 5%
- D) 10%
Why: Under election law, a party needs at least 3% of the total PR votes (and at least one FPTP seat for national-party status) to get PR seats in the House.
At least what share of the Federal Parliament must be women?
- A) One-third ✔
- B) One-half
- C) One-fourth
- D) One-fifth
Why: Article 84(8) says at least one-third of each party's members in the Federal Parliament must be women.
How many members are in the National Assembly?
- A) 59 ✔
- B) 56
- C) 275
- D) 110
Why: The National Assembly has 59 members: 56 elected from the 7 provinces (8 each) and 3 nominated by the President.
How many National Assembly members are elected from each province?
- A) 8 ✔
- B) 7
- C) 10
- D) 5
Why: 8 members are elected from each province by an electoral college of provincial assembly members and local heads and deputies: 8 × 7 = 56.
Among the 8 NA members from each province, at least how many must be women?
- A) 3 ✔
- B) 1
- C) 2
- D) 4
Why: Of the 8 from each province, at least 3 must be women, 1 a Dalit and 1 a person with disability or from a minority group.
How many NA members are nominated by the President?
- A) 3 ✔
- B) 5
- C) 8
- D) 1
Why: The President nominates 3 members (at least one a woman) on the recommendation of the Government.
The provincial assembly election ratio of FPTP to PR is:
- A) 60 : 40 ✔
- B) 50 : 50
- C) 70 : 30
- D) 40 : 60
Why: Under Article 176, 60% of provincial assembly members are elected by FPTP and 40% by PR.
A ward committee includes how many women members?
- A) 2, one of whom is a Dalit woman ✔
- B) 1
- C) 4
- D) None
Why: A ward committee has a chair and 4 members. Two members must be women, and one of them a Dalit woman.
In local elections, parties must field a woman for:
- A) Chief or deputy chief ✔
- B) Only ward member
- C) No post
- D) Only the CAO
Why: Election law requires a party fielding candidates for both chief and deputy chief (or chair and vice-chair) to field a woman for one of these posts.
The President and Vice-President must be of different:
- A) Gender or community ✔
- B) Height
- C) Age
- D) Province only
Why: Article 70 says the President and Vice-President must be of different gender or community.
The Speaker and Deputy Speaker must be of different:
- A) Gender (and from different parties) ✔
- B) Age
- C) Religion only
- D) Province only
Why: Article 91 says the Speaker and Deputy Speaker must be of different gender, and from different parties where possible.
What share of civil service open posts is reserved?
- A) 45% ✔
- B) 33%
- C) 50%
- D) 27%
Why: Under the Civil Service Act, 45% of posts filled by open competition are reserved for inclusion groups, and the rest are fully open.
Within the reserved share, women get:
- A) 33% ✔
- B) 27%
- C) 22%
- D) 9%
Why: Women get 33% of the 45% reserved seats, the largest group in the reservation.
Within the reserved share, Adivasi Janajati get:
- A) 27% ✔
- B) 33%
- C) 22%
- D) 5%
Why: Adivasi Janajati (indigenous nationalities) get 27% of the reserved seats.
Within the reserved share, Madhesi get:
- A) 22% ✔
- B) 27%
- C) 9%
- D) 4%
Why: Madhesi get 22% of the reserved seats.
Within the reserved share, Dalits get:
- A) 9% ✔
- B) 5%
- C) 4%
- D) 22%
Why: Dalits get 9% of the reserved seats.
Within the reserved share, persons with disabilities get:
- A) 5% ✔
- B) 4%
- C) 9%
- D) 1%
Why: Persons with disabilities get 5% of the reserved seats.
Within the reserved share, backward areas get:
- A) 4% ✔
- B) 5%
- C) 9%
- D) 27%
Why: Candidates from backward areas get 4% of the reserved seats. Total: 33 + 27 + 22 + 9 + 5 + 4 = 100%.
Inclusion-related commissions are in which Part of the Constitution?
- A) Part 27 ✔
- B) Part 3
- C) Part 11
- D) Part 21
Why: Part 27 (Other Commissions, Articles 252–265) creates seven commissions: Women, Dalit, Inclusion, Indigenous Nationalities, Madhesi, Tharu and Muslim.
Which is an inclusion-related constitutional commission?
- A) National Dalit Commission ✔
- B) Election Commission
- C) Public Service Commission
- D) CIAA
Why: The National Dalit Commission (Articles 255–256) is one of the seven inclusion-related commissions in Part 27.
Which is NOT an inclusion-related commission?
- A) Election Commission ✔
- B) Tharu Commission
- C) Muslim Commission
- D) Madhesi Commission
Why: The Election Commission (Part 24) runs elections. It is a constitutional body but not one of the Part 27 inclusion commissions.
The National Inclusion Commission works for:
- A) Inclusion of marginalised groups not covered by other commissions ✔
- B) Elections
- C) Tax collection
- D) Foreign affairs
Why: The National Inclusion Commission works for groups not covered by other commissions, such as Khas Arya, backward classes, persons with disabilities, senior citizens and minorities.
The main work of inclusion commissions is to:
- A) Study, recommend policies and monitor implementation ✔
- B) Run courts
- C) Collect taxes
- D) Command police
Why: These commissions study the situation of their groups, recommend laws and policies, and monitor whether the government implements them.
According to the 2078 census, Nepal has more than:
- A) 140 caste/ethnic groups ✔
- B) 10 groups
- C) 1,000 groups
- D) 3 groups
Why: The 2078 census recorded 142 caste/ethnic groups, showing Nepal's great social diversity.
Nepal has more than how many languages (Census 2078)?
- A) 120 ✔
- B) 20
- C) 50
- D) 500
Why: The 2078 census recorded 124 languages spoken as mother tongues. Nepali is the largest, followed by Maithili and Bhojpuri.
"Elite capture" in inclusion means:
- A) Benefits going to better-off members of each group ✔
- B) Benefits reaching the poorest
- C) Equal distribution
- D) No benefits
Why: Elite capture means the better-off, educated members of a group take most of the reserved benefits, while the poorest still miss out.
In the 2079 local elections, women held about what share of seats?
- A) About 41% ✔
- B) About 5%
- C) About 90%
- D) About 15%
Why: Women won about 41% of local seats in 2079, mainly because of mandatory provisions such as two women per ward committee.
A challenge of women's representation is that women are mostly in:
- A) Deputy positions ✔
- B) All chief positions
- C) No positions
- D) Only judicial positions
Why: Most women win deputy posts (deputy mayor or vice-chair), while very few become mayor or chair.
Inclusion helps build:
- A) National unity and social justice ✔
- B) Division
- C) Discrimination
- D) Exclusion
Why: When all groups share power and opportunities, people trust the state more, which builds national unity and social justice.
Closed party lists in PR elections are prepared:
- A) By parties, by group, before the election ✔
- B) By voters on election day
- C) By courts
- D) By the army
Why: Parties submit closed lists before the election, arranged by group (women, Dalit, Janajati, etc.), and fill PR seats from these lists in order.
FPTP stands for:
- A) First Past The Post ✔
- B) Fixed Party Total Process
- C) Federal Provincial Total Poll
- D) Final Proportional Total Percentage
Why: FPTP stands for First Past The Post: the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, even without a majority.
Under FPTP, the winner is:
- A) The candidate with the most votes in a constituency ✔
- B) The party with 50% nationally
- C) Chosen by lottery
- D) Nominated by the President
Why: Under FPTP, the candidate with the most votes in the constituency wins (plurality), not necessarily more than 50%.
Mixed electoral system in Nepal means a mix of:
- A) FPTP and PR ✔
- B) Monarchy and democracy
- C) Army and police
- D) Federal and local courts
Why: Nepal's mixed system combines FPTP (constituency seats) and PR (party-list seats) for the federal and provincial parliaments.
Reservations also apply to:
- A) Army, police and teachers under their laws ✔
- B) Only private companies
- C) Only foreign NGOs
- D) No institutions
Why: Inclusion-based reservations also apply to the Nepal Army, Nepal Police, Armed Police Force and teacher recruitment, under their own laws.
Inclusion increases the legitimacy of the state because:
- A) All groups feel represented ✔
- B) Only one group rules
- C) It removes elections
- D) It ends democracy
Why: When all groups feel represented in decision-making, they accept the state's decisions as fair, which increases legitimacy.
Socially backward Khas Arya are also covered under:
- A) Article 42 ✔
- B) Article 76
- C) Article 133
- D) Article 1
Why: Article 42 (right to social justice) includes indigent Khas Arya among the groups with the right to take part in state bodies.
The Muslim Commission is a:
- A) Constitutional commission ✔
- B) Private trust
- C) Political party
- D) Ministry
Why: The Muslim Commission is a constitutional commission under Part 27 (Article 264) to protect the rights of the Muslim community.
The Tharu Commission works for:
- A) The Tharu community ✔
- B) All foreigners
- C) Banks
- D) Industries
Why: The Tharu Commission (Article 263) works to protect and promote the rights and interests of the Tharu community.
The National Women Commission works mainly for:
- A) Women's rights and empowerment ✔
- B) Elections
- C) Customs
- D) Military
Why: The National Women Commission (Articles 252–253) works for women's rights, gender equality and ending violence against women.
Representation of persons with disabilities in the National Assembly is ensured by:
- A) At least 1 PwD or minority member from each province ✔
- B) No provision
- C) Only nominated seats
- D) Court order
Why: Article 86 requires that the 8 members from each province include at least 1 person with disability or from a minority group.
Proportional inclusion in Nepali is:
- A) समानुपातिक समावेशी ✔
- B) बहुमतीय
- C) एकात्मक
- D) केन्द्रीकृत
Why: Proportional inclusion is समानुपातिक समावेशी: groups are included in state bodies in proportion to their population.
The share of women in Parliament has increased mainly due to:
- A) Constitutional provisions for one-third women ✔
- B) No laws
- C) Monarchy
- D) Military orders
Why: Women's share rose to about one-third mainly because the Constitution requires at least one-third women in Parliament.