Nayab Subba Paper II: 19 Questions with Model Answer Points

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1. Nepal lies between China and India; area 1,47,516 sq km; length about 885 km east–west.
2. Mountain (Himal) region: above about 4,800 m, snow-capped peaks, low population, yak herding, tourism.
3. Hill (Pahad) region: valleys and terraces, mild climate, dense settlements, Kathmandu valley.
4. Tarai region: flat fertile plain in the south, hot climate, main agricultural and industrial belt (“granary of Nepal”).
5. Also Chure/Siwalik range and inner Tarai valleys (Chitwan, Dang); diversity in short distance creates rich biodiversity and livelihoods.

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1. Federal structure: 7 provinces, 77 districts, 753 local levels, 6,743 wards.
2. Borders: India on east, south and west; China (Tibet) on the north; landlocked country.
3. Capital: Kathmandu; each province has its own capital and assembly.
4. Issues: border disputes (Kalapani, Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura), open border management, regional balance in development.

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1. Climate varies by altitude: tropical in Tarai to tundra/alpine in the Himalaya; monsoon brings about 80% of rainfall (June–September).
2. Water resources: over 6,000 rivers; snow-fed (Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali), rain-fed and Chure rivers; lakes and glaciers.
3. Importance: hydropower, irrigation, drinking water, fisheries, tourism (rafting), biodiversity.
4. Problems: floods, landslides, glacial lake risk, under-use of potential; need for integrated water management.

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1. Forest and shrub cover is about 45% of the land (Forest Resource Assessment).
2. Importance: timber, fodder, firewood, herbs, biodiversity, soil and water conservation, carbon storage, tourism.
3. Causes of deforestation: encroachment, illegal logging, fire, infrastructure, overgrazing.
4. Conservation: community forestry (user groups), protected areas, leasehold forestry, REDD+, afforestation, law enforcement.

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1. Multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-cultural country (Constitution, Article 4).
2. Census 2078: over 140 caste/ethnic groups and over 120 languages; Nepali is the official language.
3. Major religions: Hindu, Buddhist, Islam, Kirat, Christian; festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Lhosar, Chhath, Eid.
4. Diversity is a strength for national unity, tourism and identity; needs inclusion and harmony.

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1. Agriculture: employs about 60% of people but contributes about a quarter of GDP; low productivity, subsistence farming; needs irrigation, mechanisation and markets.
2. Industry: small share of GDP; constraints of energy, capital, skills; potential in agro-processing, cement, hydropower-based industry.
3. Trade: large trade deficit, mostly with India; exports small (carpets, tea, cardamom, electricity), imports large (petroleum, vehicles).
4. Tourism: Himalaya, Lumbini, culture; major foreign-exchange earner; needs infrastructure and promotion.
5. Employment: unemployment and foreign labour migration; remittance supports the economy.
6. Infrastructure: roads, airports, electricity, telecom improving but uneven; key to growth.
7. Conclusion: balanced growth through the three-pillar economy and good governance.

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1. Article 50(3): development through public, private and cooperative sectors (three pillars).
2. Public: infrastructure, essential services, remote areas; public enterprises need reform.
3. Private: investment, employment, efficiency; PPP and Investment Act 2075.
4. Cooperative: savings, credit and marketing for small people; Cooperative Act 2074; need for better regulation after savings misuse.

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1. Planned development started with the First Five-Year Plan (2013–2018 BS).
2. The National Planning Commission (chaired by the Prime Minister) prepares periodic plans.
3. The 16th Plan (2081/82–2085/86) is now being implemented with goals of good governance, social justice and prosperity.
4. Achievements: roads, electricity, education, health; problems: weak implementation, low capital spending, political instability.

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1. Census 2078: population about 2.92 crore; growth rate slowed to about 0.92% per year.
2. Urbanisation: rapid growth of municipalities and cities; problems of planning, housing, pollution.
3. Migration: internal (hills to Tarai and cities) and international (labour migration).
4. Management: family planning, planned urban development, employment at home, migration management.

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1. Environment: natural surroundings that support life; Environment Protection Act 2076.
2. Biodiversity: rich flora and fauna; protected areas cover about 23% of land; threats from habitat loss and poaching.
3. Pollution: air (Kathmandu valley), water (rivers), soil (chemicals), plastic waste.
4. Climate change: rising temperature, glacier melt, erratic rainfall, disasters; Nepal is highly vulnerable though its emissions are tiny.
5. Sustainable development: meeting present needs without harming future generations; SDGs 2030.
6. Measures: conservation, clean energy, waste management, climate adaptation, community participation.

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1. Introduction: meaning and why the issue matters.
2. Status with data: unemployment about 11.4% (NLFS 2017/18) and high youth migration; malnutrition and food insecurity in remote areas.
3. Causes: slow industrial growth, skill mismatch; low farm productivity, climate shocks.
4. Effects: brain drain, family separation, dependence on remittance; poor health and learning.
5. Government efforts: PM Employment Programme, skill training; Right to Food Act 2075, food depots, subsidies.
6. Suggestions: job creation through industry and agriculture, entrepreneurship, irrigation, storage, nutrition programmes.
7. Conclusion.

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1. Choose events from the last 6–12 months (check the latest current affairs page).
2. For each: what happened, when, and why it matters for Nepal.
3. Keep facts accurate: names, dates and numbers.

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1. Promulgated on 2072 Asoj 3 by the second Constituent Assembly; 35 parts, 308 articles, 9 schedules.
2. Federal democratic republic; three levels of government; sovereignty in the people.
3. 31 fundamental rights (Articles 16–46) with constitutional remedy; directive principles and policies.
4. Parliamentary system, multiparty competitive democracy, periodic elections, independent judiciary.
5. Inclusion and proportional representation; secularism; socialism-oriented economy.
6. Constitutional bodies for accountability; provision for amendment (Article 274).

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1. Article 57 and Schedules 5–9.
2. Schedule 5: federal; Schedule 6: provincial; Schedule 7: federal–provincial concurrent; Schedule 8: local; Schedule 9: concurrent among all three.
3. Residual powers with the federation (Article 58).
4. Relations based on cooperation, coexistence and coordination (Article 232).

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1. Organised citizens’ groups outside the state and market: NGOs, professional bodies, unions, media, community groups.
2. Roles: watchdog, advocacy, service delivery, awareness, bridge between state and people.
3. Nepal: role in 2046 and 2062/63 movements; Social Welfare Council coordinates NGOs.
4. Challenges: politicisation, donor dependence, weak transparency.

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1. Law: rules made or recognised by the state and enforced by it to regulate behaviour.
2. Importance: order, justice, rights protection, development.
3. Sources: constitution, legislation (Acts), delegated legislation (rules, regulations), custom, judicial precedents, international treaties.
4. Laws and rules are published in the Nepal Gazette (राजपत्र).

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1. Government by law, not by persons; everyone under the law.
2. Dicey (1885): supremacy of law, equality before law, rights protected by courts.
3. Modern elements: constitutional supremacy, independent judiciary, due process, human rights, accountability.
4. Nepal: Preamble, Articles 1, 18, 20, 133; challenge of impunity.

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1. Inclusion: participation of all groups in the state; Article 42 right to social justice.
2. PR: seats by vote share; HoR 165 FPTP + 110 PR; provincial 60:40.
3. One-third women in Parliament; NA composition; local ward 2 women incl. 1 Dalit woman.
4. Civil service 45% reservation; inclusion commissions; challenge of elite capture.

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1. Democracy: government of, by and for the people; elections, rule of law, free press.
2. Human rights: universal rights of every person; UDHR 1948, ICCPR/ICESCR 1966.
3. Democracy protects human rights, and human rights make democracy meaningful.
4. Nepal: fundamental rights (16–46), NHRC (248–249); challenges in implementation.