Public Management: 47 Exam Questions with Model Answer Points

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1. Office: the place where records are kept and administrative work is done to achieve the goals of an organisation.
2. Office management: planning, organising, directing, coordinating and controlling office work so that it is done efficiently.
3. Importance: gives correct information for decisions; acts as the memory of the organisation (records); links sections and offices; delivers services to citizens; controls time and cost; supports transparency and accountability.
4. Conclusion: a well-managed office is the base of good governance and service delivery.

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1. Meaning: systematic control of records through their life cycle: creation, classification, filing, indexing, retrieval, retention and disposal.
2. Objectives: safe keeping; quick retrieval; legal evidence; continuity of work; saving space and cost.
3. Importance: supports decisions, audit and accountability; helps answer RTI requests; preserves history; prevents loss and misuse.
4. Modern practice: indexing, electronic filing and digitisation with backup.

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1. Communication: exchange of information, ideas and instructions (sender → message → medium → receiver → feedback).
2. Types: formal/informal; downward, upward, horizontal, diagonal; written, oral, non-verbal; internal and external.
3. Means: letters, circulars, notices, orders, reports, email (written); meetings, telephone, video conference (oral); website, SMS, e-Patra (electronic); notice board and citizen charter (visual).
4. Effective communication is clear, short, timely, through the right channel and with feedback.

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1. MIS: an organised system that collects data, processes it and gives the right information to the right manager at the right time.
2. Parts: input, processing, storage, output, feedback.
3. Need: faster and better decisions; planning and monitoring of programmes and budget; control; efficiency; transparency and accountability; online services and tracking.
4. Examples in Nepal: PIS, LMBIS, CGAS, SuTRA, RMIS, e-GP, Hello Sarkar.
5. Problems: weak infrastructure and skills, systems that do not connect, poor data quality; remedies: training, interoperable systems, data security.

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1. FCGO (under the Ministry of Finance) manages government accounting and treasury; district Treasury and Accounts Controller Offices release funds and do internal audit.
2. Treasury Single Account: all receipts and payments through one treasury system; accounts mainly on cash basis; systems CGAS, SuTRA, RMIS.
3. Every payment needs a voucher with bills and approval; advances (पेश्की) must be settled.
4. Final audit by the Auditor General (Articles 240–241); annual report to the President and Parliament; discussed by the Public Accounts Committee.
5. Irregular amounts found in audit are beruju and must be settled.

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1. Act authenticated 2076 Asoj 24; Rules 2077; replaced the Financial Procedures Act 2055.
2. Covers: operation of the consolidated fund, revenue and expenditure estimates, budget release, spending control, accounting, internal control and audit, final audit and beruju settlement.
3. Accounting officer (लेखा उत्तरदायी अधिकृत): secretary/head responsible for budget, accounts, audit and beruju; responsible person (जिम्मेवार व्यक्ति): handles cash/goods with authority.
4. Every office must have an internal control system.
5. Fiscal accountability: spend only within approved budget and authority, keep accounts, report on time, settle beruju (respond within 35 days of preliminary audit report).

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1. Deposit: money held temporarily by an office as security, not as income: bid security, performance security, retention money, bail.
2. Kept in a separate deposit account and recorded in personal and summary deposit ledgers (600-series forms).
3. Returned when the condition is fulfilled; forfeited to revenue (सदरस्याहा) if the condition is breached or not claimed in time.
4. Deposit accounts are reconciled and audited like other accounts.

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1. Revenue administration: assessing, collecting, accounting and controlling government income under law (Article 115: no tax without law).
2. Sources: tax (income tax, VAT 13%, customs, excise), non-tax (fees, fines, royalty, dividends), grants.
3. Bodies: Ministry of Finance (policy, Finance Act), Inland Revenue Department (income tax, VAT, excise), Department of Customs, Department of Revenue Investigation, FCGO (central revenue account).
4. Revenue goes to the Consolidated Fund (Article 116); VAT and domestic excise shared 70/15/15, royalty 50/25/25.
5. Problems: evasion, smuggling, narrow base; reforms: online filing, e-billing, risk-based audit, single window.

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1. Budget: annual estimate of revenue and expenditure; fiscal year Shrawan 1 to Asar end.
2. Steps: resource estimate and ceiling by MoF and NPC → budget guidelines → preparation by offices within ceiling in LMBIS → discussion with MoF/NPC → budget principles and priorities in Parliament → presentation on Jestha 15 (Article 119) → approval through the Appropriation Act → spending authority (अख्तियारी) and release through FCGO → implementation, accounting, reporting and audit.
3. Heads: current, capital, financing; taxes changed through the Finance Act.
4. LMBIS (line ministries) and SuTRA (local levels) are used for preparation.
5. Problems: unrealistic estimates, low capital spending, year-end rush; improvement: better project banks, MTEF, timely release and monitoring.

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1. Formation: Civil Service Act 2049 and Rules 2050; ten services under Section 3 (Administration, Engineering, Agriculture, Judicial, Foreign, Audit, Forest, Economic Planning and Statistics, Education, Miscellaneous); gazetted special to third class and non-gazetted classes.
2. Recruitment: open and internal competition on PSC recommendation; 45% of open posts reserved (women 33%, Janajati 27%, Madhesi 22%, Dalit 9%, disability 5%, backward areas 4% of the reserved share); probation 1 year (men) and 6 months (women).
3. Facilities: salary, grades, leave, insurance, pension; career development through training, transfer and promotion.
4. Conduct: punctuality, discipline, political neutrality, no gifts, confidentiality, no private business, property disclosure.
5. Departmental punishment (Section 59): ordinary (censure, withholding promotion or increments) and special (removal, dismissal); chance to defend; appeal to the Administrative Court.
6. Retirement at 58 with pension as per law.

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1. Meaning: right number of people with the right skills in the right place at the right time.
2. Process: study objectives and work → forecast demand → estimate supply (HR inventory) → find the gap → action plan (recruit, train, transfer, redeploy) → monitor and review.
3. Posts (darbandi) fixed through O&M survey; vacancies filled through PSC.
4. Development: induction, in-service and refresher training (NASC, academies), job rotation, mentoring.

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1. Basis: Article 285 (government services at all levels), Article 244 (Provincial PSC), Employees Adjustment Act 2075.
2. Problems: staff shortage especially technical staff; unwillingness to work in remote areas; unclear career path and mobility; delay of the Federal Civil Service Act; different pay and facilities.
3. Solutions: pass the federal civil service law with mobility rules; O&M survey at each level; capacity building through training academies; remote-area incentives; fair, merit-based recruitment by Provincial PSCs.

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1. Meaning: providing services and goods to citizens by public bodies efficiently, fairly and on time.
2. Agencies: federal ministries and departments, provincial offices, local levels and wards, public enterprises, constitutional bodies; also NGOs/private sector under contract.
3. Means: office counters and one-door service, citizen charter, help desk, mobile camps, online services (Nagarik App, e-payment), Hello Sarkar.
4. Role of provider: follow law and charter, give correct information, treat all equally and politely, decide on time with reasons, hear grievances, keep records.
5. Rights of service seeker: get service as per charter, information, respectful behaviour, complain and get response, compensation where provided.
6. Duties of service seeker: give correct documents, pay fees, follow procedure, behave politely, not offer bribes, give feedback.
7. Conclusion: good service delivery builds trust and is the face of good governance.

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1. Right to information is a fundamental right (Article 27); Right to Information Act 2064.
2. Every public body appoints an information officer; information is given immediately or within 15 days; appeal to the head of office and then the National Information Commission.
3. Some information is protected (national security, investigation, privacy, etc.).
4. Importance: transparency, accountability, control of corruption, participation of citizens.

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1. Meaning: use of ICT to deliver government services, information and transactions.
2. Forms: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E.
3. Benefits: speed, low cost, transparency, less corruption, 24-hour access, better records.
4. Challenges: digital divide, weak infrastructure, cyber security, low skills, systems not integrated.

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1. Meaning: exercise of public authority in a transparent, accountable, participatory, efficient and lawful way.
2. Elements: rule of law, transparency, accountability, participation, responsiveness, equity and inclusion, efficiency, consensus.
3. Law: Good Governance (Management and Operation) Act 2064 and Rules 2065: citizen charter, decisions within time and with reasons, public hearing, grievance handling, conflict of interest rules.
4. Anti-corruption: Prevention of Corruption Act 2059, CIAA (Article 238), National Vigilance Centre, Special Court, Auditor General, Money Laundering Prevention Act 2064, UNCAC (ratified 2011).
5. Measures: e-governance, property disclosure, social audit, RTI, strong punishment, ethical leadership.

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1. Darta: register incoming letters with number and date (darta kitab) and send for action.
2. Steps: receive and check → darta stamp → enter in register → receipt → send to chief/section → file after action.
3. Chalani: give number to outgoing letters (chalani kitab), keep office copy, send bodhartha copies, dispatch and record mode.
4. Good practice: same-day registration, confidential letters sealed, numbers restart each fiscal year, electronic darta–chalani.

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1. Tippani: official note on a file explaining a matter and proposing a decision.
2. Parts: heading, subject, background, analysis, legal basis, options, proposal (प्रस्ताव), signature.
3. Features: brief, factual, impartial, law-based, numbered paragraphs, logical order, clear proposal.
4. Types: निर्णयार्थ and जानकारी; simple and detailed.
5. Sample: Subject: purchase of a computer → background (demand from section) → legal basis (budget head, Procurement Act 2063, direct purchase limit) → proposal (“it is submitted to approve purchase through sealed quotation”) → signature, date.

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1. Grievance: complaint about delay, poor service, misbehaviour or corruption.
2. Channels: grievance box, grievance officer, Hello Sarkar (1111), phone, email, public hearing.
3. Process: receive and register → classify → investigate → act → inform the complainant → record and learn.
4. Principles: easy and free, quick, confidential, impartial, feedback, improve the system.

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1. Before: notice with date, time, place and agenda; documents ready.
2. During: check quorum; chairperson conducts; decisions by majority; casting vote for tie.
3. Minutes in the minute book: meeting number, date, time, place, attendance, agenda and decisions in numbered points; signed by members and chairperson.
4. After: send decisions for action through chalani.

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1. Before: objective, approval through tippani with budget, venue, participants, invitation, concept note, logistics.
2. During: registration, sessions on time, facilitation, rapporteur records points.
3. After: report to authority, settle accounts as per expenditure norms, follow up.

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1. Monitoring: continuous tracking of activities during implementation.
2. Evaluation: assessment of results and impact, mid-term or after completion, often independent.
3. Inspection: on-the-spot check of compliance with law and standards by a superior office, regular or surprise.
4. All three lead to corrective action; progress reports (monthly, trimester, annual) feed them.

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1. Demand form (माग फाराम): section asks for goods.
2. Purchase order: issued to the supplier after procurement.
3. Entry (दाखिला) report: goods checked and received into store.
4. Jinsi khata: register of consumable and non-consumable goods; issue against approved demand; annual inspection; auction of unusable goods; handover (बरबुझारथ) on transfer.

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1. Meaning: superior gives part of authority to a subordinate to act within limits; needs legal basis and writing in government.
2. Elements: responsibility, authority, accountability.
3. Principles: parity of authority and responsibility, absoluteness of accountability, unity of command, clarity, delegation by results.
4. Benefits: faster decisions and service, develops staff; job description makes duties clear.

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1. Causes: too many layers, unclear authority, fear of decisions, missing documents, poor records, staff absence, corruption.
2. Remedies: delegation, single window, e-files and tracking, standard checklists, weekly review of pending files, time limits under the Good Governance Act with reasons for decisions, reward and action.

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1. Norms: shared, accepted standards of behaviour; formal (code of conduct) and informal (customs); create discipline and predictability.
2. Status: rank or prestige; formal (post/class) and informal (expertise, seniority); shown by status symbols.
3. Good status system gives order and motivation; too much status creates distance; status incongruence causes conflict.

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1. Aim: public welfare vs profit.
2. Accountability: to people, legislature and courts vs owners.
3. Law: bound by law and procedure vs more freedom.
4. Equal treatment of all vs choice of customers; high public scrutiny vs lower; success hard to measure vs profit.

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1. Term first used by U. L. Goswami (1955); developed by Weidner and Riggs.
2. Administration of development + development of administration.
3. Features: change-, goal- and citizen-oriented, participatory, innovative, flexible, time-bound, ecological.
4. In Nepal: periodic plans since 2013 BS; NPC; local levels lead much development.

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1. Appointment: open/internal competition on PSC recommendation; probation; permanent, temporary, contract.
2. Kaj: temporary deputation without moving the post.
3. Transfer: same level, according to transfer norms after minimum period.
4. Promotion: by promotion committee on performance evaluation, seniority, geographic experience, education and training; internal competitive exams.
5. Leave: casual 6, festival 6, home leave earned by service, sick 12 per year, maternity 98, maternity care 15, obsequies 15, study, extraordinary, substitute.
6. Conduct, departmental punishment and retirement at 58.

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1. Gulick’s 4 Ps: purpose (function), process, persons (clientele), place (area); also time and product.
2. Examples: Ministry of Health (purpose), legal section (process), Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizens (persons), District Administration Office (place).
3. Organisations often mix bases.

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1. CIAA (Article 238): investigates corruption and improper conduct by public office holders, files cases in the Special Court, preventive and promotional work.
2. PSC (Articles 242–243): conducts exams for civil service posts, advises on service conditions, recommends for promotion and departmental action as provided by law.

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1. Given by Luther Gulick (1937) in Papers on the Science of Administration with Urwick.
2. Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.
3. Useful checklist of executive functions; criticised for ignoring the subject matter of services.

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1. Leadership: influencing people to work willingly; styles autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire (Lewin); managerial grid (Blake and Mouton); situational and transformational leadership.
2. Maslow: physiological → safety → social → esteem → self-actualisation.
3. Herzberg: hygiene factors vs motivators; McGregor: Theory X and Y; Vroom: expectancy.
4. Raising morale: fair pay and promotion, recognition, participation, safe environment, training, clear goals, good leadership.

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1. Process: set standards → measure → compare → find deviation → correct.
2. Types: feed-forward, concurrent, feedback; internal and external (legislative, executive, judicial, constitutional bodies, popular).
3. Techniques: budgetary control, inspection, reports, audit, MBO, PERT/CPM.

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1. Group dynamics: how groups form, behave and change (Kurt Lewin).
2. Tuckman: forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.
3. Concepts: roles, norms, cohesiveness, groupthink (Janis), social loafing.

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1. Reasons: fear of unknown, loss of status or benefits, habit, lack of information or trust, poor timing.
2. Lewin: unfreeze → change → refreeze.
3. Managing: education and communication, participation, facilitation and support, negotiation; coercion last.
4. OD interventions: team building, survey feedback, sensitivity training.

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1. Importance: timely service under citizen charter, legal time limits, productivity, trust.
2. Time wasters: poor planning, long meetings, interruptions, procrastination, poor delegation.
3. Techniques: to-do list, Eisenhower matrix, Pareto 80/20, ABC analysis, scheduling, delegation, effective meetings, technology.

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1. Basis: Article 82; made by the Government of Nepal.
2. Divides work among OPMCM and ministries; Transaction of Business Rules set how work is done.
3. Importance: avoids overlap, fixes responsibility, guides citizens, basis for structure and budget; PM decides disputes.

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1. 753 local levels (6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities); 6,743 wards.
2. Powers: Schedule 8 (town police, local taxes, basic and secondary education, basic health, local roads, etc.) and Schedule 9 (concurrent).
3. Executive (Article 214), assembly (Articles 221–227), judicial committee chaired by deputy mayor/vice-chair (Article 217), DCC (Article 220).
4. LGOA 2074: details of functions, planning, budget, revenue, service delivery and accountability; grants from federation and province.
5. Challenges: capacity, staff, coordination; ways forward: training, revenue mobilisation, accountability.

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1. CDO appointed by the Government of Nepal; heads the District Administration Office under the Home Ministry.
2. Functions: peace and security, coordination of security agencies and offices, citizenship and passport services, public offence cases, disaster response (chairs District Disaster Management Committee).
3. Chairs District Security Committee; may control gatherings, declare riot-affected areas and impose curfew, using force only as necessary.

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1. Citizen charter in every office; decisions within time limits and with reasons; transparency and impartiality.
2. Public hearing, grievance handling, conflict of interest rules, accountability of officials.
3. Rules 2065 give details; aims at efficient, transparent and accountable administration.

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1. Public Procurement Act 2063 and Regulations 2064; PPMO under OPMCM; e-GP (bolpatra).
2. Principles: transparency, competition, fairness, accountability, value for money.
3. Methods: open bidding, sealed quotation, direct purchase, user committee, force account, limited bidding, catalogue shopping; consulting: competitive proposals.
4. Process: plan → documents → notice → open bids → evaluate → letter of intent → contract → inspection and payment.

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1. Apply in writing to the information officer, stating the information wanted and the reason for asking; pay the prescribed fee.
2. Information given immediately or within 15 days.
3. If refused: complain to the head of the office, then appeal to the National Information Commission.
4. Proactive disclosure: offices publish information regularly.

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1. Accounting officer: head/secretary responsible for budget, accounts, audit and beruju settlement.
2. Responsible person: handles cash or goods with authority and must settle own beruju.
3. Beruju types: recoverable, to be regularised, advance, principled/systemic; register (लगत) and sampariksan.

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1. National Council (PM), Executive Committee (Home Minister), NDRRMA (2076, under MoHA), NEOC.
2. Provincial council (Chief Minister), District committee (CDO), Local committee (Mayor/Chair).
3. Disaster funds at all levels; cycle: mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery; Sendai Framework.

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1. Making crime money look legal; stages: placement, layering, integration.
2. Law: Asset (Money) Laundering Prevention Act 2064.
3. Bodies: FIU-Nepal in NRB (STR/TTR), Department of Money Laundering Investigation, regulators; KYC/CDD by reporting entities.
4. International: FATF and APG; Nepal grey-listed in February 2025; need for effective enforcement.

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1. Supports both houses and committees: agenda, records, bills, research, library, finance, security, publications.
2. Secretary General appointed by the President on the Speaker’s recommendation; Secretaries of each house.
3. Parliament Service governed by the Act 2064 and Rules 2065; recruitment through PSC; neutrality.