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LAST-WEEK REVISION
Public Management Quick Revision
The key points of all 57 lessons on one page, in syllabus order. Read it in the last week before your exam, then take a mock test.
Paper II · Section C (and governance units of Section B)
Office and Office Management: Meaning, Functions, Layout and Office Environment
- An office receives, records, arranges, supplies and preserves information.
- The office is called the nerve centre of an organisation.
- Office management means planning, organising, directing and controlling office work.
- Auxiliary functions include safeguarding assets, forms control, purchasing and personnel work.
- Office layout arranges space and equipment for smooth work flow.
- Open office: cheap and easy to supervise; private office: privacy but costly.
- Help desk and darta–chalani should be near the entrance.
- Good lighting, ventilation, safety and low noise increase efficiency.
Filing and Records Management: Methods of Filing, Indexing and Record Life Cycle
- Filing arranges and stores documents for quick retrieval.
- Good filing is simple, economical, safe, flexible and quick to search.
- Classification: alphabetical, numerical, subject-wise, geographical, chronological, alpha-numeric.
- Horizontal filing keeps papers flat; vertical filing keeps folders upright in cabinets.
- Electronic filing needs backup and passwords.
- An index lists files with numbers and locations.
- Record life cycle: creation, use, maintenance, retention, disposal or archive.
- Records are destroyed only with official approval; valuable ones go to archives.
Records, Indexing (अनुक्रमणिका) and Modern Technology in Record Management
- A record is information kept as evidence of office work, on paper or electronically.
- Records give accountability, legal proof and office memory.
- Types: permanent/temporary, paper/electronic, open/confidential, active/inactive.
- Index = guide showing where a file is kept; types: page, card, visible, computer.
- Modern tools: digitisation, database, e-Patra, backup, access control.
Communication in the Office (कार्यालयमा सञ्चार): Importance, Types and Means
- Communication = sender, message, medium, receiver and feedback.
- Downward: orders; upward: reports and requests; horizontal: between equal sections.
- Formal and informal; written and oral; internal and external.
- Written records give accountability; oral is quick.
- Make it clear, short, timely, through the right channel, with feedback.
Management Information System (MIS) in Government Offices: Meaning, Need and Importance
- MIS = right information to the right manager at the right time for decision-making.
- Parts: input, processing, storage, output, feedback.
- Good MIS is timely, accurate, relevant, integrated, flexible and secure.
- Top level needs summary information; operational level needs daily detailed records.
- Examples in Nepal: PIS, LMBIS, CGAS, SuTRA, RMIS, e-GP, Hello Sarkar.
Government Accounting and Beruju: Budget Release, Treasury, Audit and Settlement of Irregularities
- FCGO is the central government accounting body; district treasury offices release funds and do internal audit.
- Single Treasury Account brings all government receipts and payments into one system.
- Expenditure authority (akhtiyari) allows the office chief to spend under budget heads.
- Every payment needs a voucher with bills and approval; advances (peski) must be settled.
- Rules: Financial Procedures and Fiscal Accountability Act 2076 and Regulation 2077.
- Final audit by the Auditor General (Article 240); report goes to the President and Parliament.
- Public Accounts Committee of the House discusses the audit report.
- Beruju: irregular or unproven amounts; settled by recovery or regularisation (farchyaut).
Basic Accounting Terms: Double Entry, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance and Final Accounts
- Assets = Liabilities + Capital.
- Double entry: every debit has an equal credit; Luca Pacioli (1494) is the father of accounting.
- Personal: debit receiver, credit giver.
- Real: debit what comes in, credit what goes out.
- Nominal: debit expenses and losses, credit incomes and gains.
- Journal is the book of original entry; ledger is the book of final entry.
- Trial balance checks that debits equal credits.
- Balance sheet shows assets, liabilities and capital on a date; depreciation is the fall in value of fixed assets.
Financial Procedures and Fiscal Accountability Act, 2076: Internal Control, Internal and Final Audit, Beruju and Accountability
- Internal audit by Treasury and Accounts Controller Office; final audit by the Auditor General (Article 241).
- Beruju = irregular amount pointed out in audit; settle within 35 days of the preliminary report.
- Beruju types: recoverable, to be regularised, advance, principled.
- Beruju lagat = register; sampariksan = examining responses to clear beruju.
- FPFA Act 2076 (authenticated 2076 Asoj 24; Rules 2077) replaced the Financial Procedures Act 2055.
- Accounting officer (लेखा उत्तरदायी अधिकृत) vs responsible person (जिम्मेवार व्यक्ति).
Chart of Accounts, TSA, RMIS, CGAS, SuTRA and Deposit (धरौटी) Accounting in Nepal
- FCGO runs government accounting; district offices = कोष तथा लेखा नियन्त्रक कार्यालय.
- Chart of Accounts 2074 (GFS 2014): 1 = revenue, 2 = expenditure, 3 = assets/liabilities; 21111 = salary.
- TSA = single treasury account; piloted from 2066.
- RMIS = revenue system; CGAS = government accounting system with EFT; SuTRA = local-level system.
- Dharauti = security deposit, returned or forfeited; 600-series forms.
Jinsi Management (Government Store and Property): Types, Records, Inspection and Procurement
- Jinsi is the goods and movable property of a government office.
- Consumable goods are used up; non-consumable goods last long.
- Demand form → purchase → receipt (daakhila) → jinsi register → issue.
- Staff hand over goods in their charge when transferred (bujhaarath).
- Annual jinsi inspection checks the existence and condition of goods.
- Unusable goods are disposed of by auction (lilaam).
- Rules: Financial Procedures and Fiscal Accountability Act 2076 and Regulation 2077.
- Procurement: Public Procurement Act 2063, Regulation 2064; PPMO; e-GP for e-bidding.
Revenue Administration in Nepal: Tax, Customs, Excise, Revenue and Deposit (Dharauti) Systems
- No tax without law (Article 115); all revenue goes to the Consolidated Fund (Article 116).
- IRD = income tax, VAT, excise. Department of Customs = customs duty (plus VAT and excise on imports).
- VAT standard rate is 13%; the Finance Act sets rates every year.
- VAT and domestic excise sharing: 70% federal, 15% province, 15% local. Royalty: 50/25/25.
- Deposit (dharauti) is held money; it is returned or forfeited (सदरस्याहा).
Taxation in Nepal: Direct and Indirect Taxes, VAT, Income Tax and Revenue Sharing
- Article 115: no tax without law.
- Canons of taxation (Adam Smith): equality, certainty, convenience, economy.
- Direct tax cannot be shifted (income tax); indirect tax can (VAT, customs, excise).
- Progressive tax rate rises with income.
- VAT started on 1 Mangsir 2054 BS at 13%; VAT Act 2052.
- Income Tax Act 2058; IRD set up in 2058 BS; PAN issued by IRD.
- Customs duty is collected by the Department of Customs.
- VAT and domestic excise shared: federal 70%, province 15%, local 15%.
Budget and Fiscal Year of Nepal: Jestha 15, Types of Budget, Revenue and Expenditure
- Fiscal year: Shrawan 1 to end of Asar.
- Federal budget on Jestha 15 (Article 119); provincial on Asar 1; local by Asar 10.
- Economic Survey is released a day before the budget; Red Book gives details.
- Deficit budget: spending more than income, met by loans.
- Recurrent spending: salaries and running costs; capital spending: assets like roads.
- Appropriation Act authorises spending; Finance Act authorises taxes.
- Consolidated Fund under Article 116; charged expenditure under Article 117.
- Gender-responsive budgeting began in 2063/64 BS; Auditor General audits accounts.
Budget Estimate and Approval Process and LMBIS (Line Ministry Budget Information System)
- Fiscal year: Shrawan 1 to Asar end.
- Article 119: budget presented on Jestha 15 to Parliament.
- Budget passes as the Appropriation Act.
- Steps: resource estimate and ceiling → preparation → discussion → presentation → approval → release → implementation → audit.
- LMBIS = Line Ministry Budget Information System of the Ministry of Finance.
Civil Service of Nepal: Civil Service Act 2049, Services, Classes, Conduct and Punishment
- Civil Service Act 2049 (1993) and Civil Service Rules 2050 (1993) govern the civil service.
- Section 3 lists ten services, including Administration, Engineering, Agriculture, Judicial, Foreign, Audit, Forest, Economic Planning and Statistics, Education and Miscellaneous.
- Gazetted: special, first, second and third class; non-gazetted: first to fifth class.
- Section Officer is gazetted third class; Nayab Subba is non-gazetted first class; Kharidar is non-gazetted second class.
- Recruitment is on the recommendation of the PSC; 45 percent of open posts are reserved for inclusion.
- Probation: one year for men and six months for women.
- Ordinary punishments: censure and withholding of promotion or salary increments; special punishments: removal and dismissal.
- Dismissal disqualifies a person from future government service; removal does not.
- Compulsory retirement age is 58 under the current Act.
Human Resource Management in the Civil Service: Recruitment, Training, Appraisal and Promotion
- HRM: right person in the right job at the right time.
- Job analysis gives job description (duties) and job specification (qualities).
- Recruitment attracts candidates; selection chooses the best.
- PSC conducts civil service exams under Article 243.
- 45% of open-competition posts are reserved: women 33%, Janajati 27%, Madhesi 22%, Dalit 9%, disabled 5%, backward areas 4%.
- NASC (2039 BS) trains civil servants.
- Annual performance evaluation is used for promotion with seniority and education.
- Retirement age is 58; main law: Civil Service Act 2049 and Regulation 2050.
Manpower Planning, Development and Management in the Civil Service of Nepal
- Manpower planning = right number, right skills, right place, right time.
- Process: objectives → demand forecast → supply estimate → gap → action plan → review.
- Posts (darbandi) are fixed through an O&M survey.
- Vacancies are filled through the Public Service Commission or by promotion as the law provides.
- NASC is a key training institution; training includes induction, in-service and refresher training.
Provincial and Local Service in Nepal: Constitution, Provincial PSC and Employee Adjustment
- Article 285: all three levels may form government services by law.
- Article 244: Provincial Public Service Commission in every province.
- Province administrative head: Chief Secretary of the province; local level head of administration: Chief Administrative Officer (both deputed by the Government of Nepal).
- Employees Adjustment Act, 2075 moved staff to provinces and local levels.
- Federal Civil Service Bill not yet passed (Oct 2026); the Civil Service Act 2049 still applies.
Public Service Delivery and Citizen Charter: Principles, Tools, Grievance Handling and E-Governance
- Service delivery principles: accessibility, timeliness, transparency, accountability, inclusion.
- Main law: Good Governance (Management and Operation) Act 2064; Regulation 2065.
- Citizen charter lists services, documents, fees, time, responsible officer and complaint process.
- Citizen charter began in the UK in 1991 (John Major); mandatory for Nepali public offices.
- Public hearing and social audit make offices accountable to the people.
- Hello Sarkar handles complaints; toll-free number 1111.
- One-door service, mobile camps, e-governance and the Nagarik App improve access.
- Common problems: delay, middlemen, corruption, poor staff attitude.
Public Relations (जनसम्पर्क) and Grievance Management (गुनासो व्यवस्थापन) in Government Offices
- Public relations = planned two-way communication to build public trust.
- Methods: help desk, citizen charter, website, notices, public hearing, information officer.
- Grievance = complaint about delay, misbehaviour, irregularity or corruption.
- Hello Sarkar (1111) is under the Office of the Prime Minister.
- Process: receive → classify → investigate → act → inform → record and learn.
Right to Information in Nepal: Constitution and the RTI Act 2064
- Article 27 of the Constitution of Nepal 2072 guarantees the right to information as a fundamental right of citizens.
- The Right to Information Act 2064 was authenticated on 5 Shrawan 2064; its Rules were made in 2065.
- Public bodies include constitutional bodies, government bodies, political parties and NGOs receiving public or foreign funds.
- Proactive disclosure must be updated every three months (Section 5).
- Every public body must appoint an information officer (Section 6).
- Information is given immediately or within 15 days; within 24 hours if life is at risk.
- The fee is based on the actual cost of providing information.
- Information may be withheld for national security, crime investigation, economic interest, communal harmony and personal privacy.
- Complaint to the chief within 7 days; appeal to the NIC within 35 days; NIC decides within 60 days.
- The NIC has a Chief Information Commissioner and two commissioners with a five-year term.
- Whistleblowers are protected under the Act.
E-Governance (विद्युतीय शासन) and Safe Use of ICT in Government Offices
- E-governance = using ICT to deliver services and run government.
- Models: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E.
- Examples: Nagarik App, Hello Sarkar, e-GP, online tax filing; Digital Nepal Framework 2019.
- Electronic Transactions Act 2063 gives legal validity to e-records and digital signatures.
- Safety: strong passwords, two-step verification, updates, backups, no phishing links, lock screen.
Good Governance: Concept, Tools and the Good Governance Act 2064
- Good governance means accountable, transparent, lawful, participatory and efficient use of public power.
- Its eight core features include accountability, transparency, rule of law, participation, responsiveness, efficiency, equity and consensus orientation.
- The Good Governance (Management and Operation) Act was made in 2064 BS, with Rules in 2065 BS.
- The Act aims at pro-people, accountable, transparent and participatory administration.
- Officials must decide on time, give reasons and avoid conflict of interest.
- The Act makes the citizen charter, public hearing and grievance management (complaint box) duties of public offices.
- A citizen charter shows the service, procedure, time, fee and responsible officer.
- A public hearing brings officials and the public face to face.
- A social audit is a review done with the participation of users and the community.
- E-governance uses ICT to make services faster and cleaner.
- Main challenges: corruption, instability, weak implementation and political interference.
Ethics and Anti-Corruption in Public Service: Values, Laws and Institutions of Nepal
- Public service values: integrity, honesty, impartiality, accountability, transparency.
- Conflict of interest must be declared, and the official should stay away from the decision.
- Forms of corruption: bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, favouritism, policy corruption, extortion.
- CIAA (Article 238) investigates and files cases in the Special Court.
- National Vigilance Centre (2059 BS) works under the PM’s Office.
- Prevention of Corruption Act 2059; CIAA Act 2048; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2064.
- UNCAC adopted in 2003; Nepal ratified it in 2011.
- Transparency International (Berlin) publishes the CPI; Anti-Corruption Day is 9 December.
Prevention of Corruption Act, 2059 (भ्रष्टाचार निवारण ऐन): Chapter 1 and 2, Offences and Punishment
- Prevention of Corruption Act was authenticated on 2059 Asar 3; Chapter 2 has offences in sections 3–24.
- “Corruption” = offences under Chapter 2; “public servant” = राष्ट्रसेवक.
- Bribery: giver and taker are both punished; fine equal to the amount; bribe confiscated.
- Commission must be deposited within 7 days.
- Revenue leakage: double fine; attempt and accomplice: half punishment.
- High office holders: 3 years extra.
Paper III · Section A: Office operation
Darta–Chalani (Registration and Dispatch of Letters): Process, Registers and Rules
- Darta records incoming letters; chalani records outgoing letters.
- Darta kitab and chalani kitab are the two main registers.
- Numbers restart from 1 each fiscal year (Shrawan 1).
- Darta stamp shows darta number and date.
- Office copy (karyalaya prati) is kept on file; bodhartha copies go for information.
- Peon book records letters delivered by hand.
- Confidential letters go in sealed envelopes to the authorised officer.
- Register letters the same day; electronic darta–chalani is now common.
Patra Lekhan (Official Letter Writing): Parts, Types and Format of Government Letters
- Parts: letterhead, patra sankhya and chalani number, date, addressee, subject, body, signature, bodhartha.
- Circular: same message to many offices; notice: public information.
- D.O. letter: semi-personal letter from officer to officer for urgent attention.
- Office order: internal order to staff; reminder (taketa): follow-up letter.
- Endorsement: forwarding a received letter with a short note.
- A good letter is brief, clear, correct, polite, formal and law-based.
- Only an authorised officer signs; an office copy is kept on file.
Tippani Lekhan (Official Note Writing): Parts, Types, Format and Tips
- Tippani: official note on a file explaining a matter and proposing a decision.
- Parts: subject, background, analysis, legal basis, options, proposal, signature.
- Types: decision-seeking (nirnayartha), information (jankari), simple and detailed.
- A good tippani is brief, factual, impartial, law-based and in numbered paragraphs.
- The proposal (prastav) comes at the end.
- “Sadar” or “manjur” means approved as proposed.
- Tok adesh is a short order written on a letter or file.
- The approved tippani is a permanent record of the decision.
Report Writing (प्रतिवेदन लेखन): Meaning, Types, Format and Points to Remember
- Report = organised facts, findings and suggestions for decision making.
- Types: periodic, progress, special, investigation, inspection, committee.
- Parts: title, background, objectives, method, findings, conclusion, recommendations, annexes.
- Be factual, objective, clear, logical and timely; give practical recommendations.
Meetings and Minutes in Government Offices: Notice, Agenda, Quorum, Decisions and Muchulka
- A formal meeting needs notice, agenda, quorum and minutes.
- Notice gives date, time, place and agenda; agenda lists matters in order.
- Quorum is the minimum number of members needed for a valid meeting.
- Majority means more than half of members present.
- Casting vote: the chairperson’s extra vote to break a tie.
- Minutes record attendance and decisions in the minute book (nirnaya pustika).
- Member secretary prepares notice, agenda and minutes.
- Muchulka records on-the-spot facts signed by witnesses.
Seminar, Workshop and Goshthi Management in Government Offices
- Goshthi = discussion; workshop = hands-on work producing an output; seminar = experts present papers.
- Steps: before (objective, approval, venue, invitation, logistics), during (registration, sessions, rapporteur), after (report, accounts, follow-up).
- Expenses follow the approved budget and government expenditure norms; advances must be settled.
- The rapporteur records main points; the report goes to the authority.
Monthly and Annual Progress Reporting, Office Inspection and Monitoring
- Progress report = work done compared with targets; physical progress (work) and financial progress (spending).
- Reports: monthly, trimester (every four months) and annual.
- Progress is reviewed by MDAC and by NDAC (chaired by the Prime Minister).
- Inspection = on-the-spot check of compliance; monitoring = continuous tracking; evaluation = assessing results and impact.
- Inspection reports must lead to corrective action.
Job Description (Karya Bibaran) and Delegation of Authority (Adhikar Pratyayojan)
- Job description = what the job is (duties, authority, reporting); job specification = what person is needed.
- Job description is the basis for accountability and performance evaluation.
- Delegation = giving part of authority to a subordinate; in government it needs a legal basis and is usually in writing.
- Elements: responsibility, authority, accountability.
- Authority can be delegated, but ultimate accountability stays with the superior.
Disposal of Administrative Work (Prashasakiya Karya Fachhyaut): Decisions on Time and by Law
- Fachhyaut = completing an administrative matter by a lawful, timely decision and informing people.
- Steps: darta → file → study → tippani → decision with reasons → chalani/implement → archive.
- Good Governance Act 2064: decide within time limits, give reasons, be transparent; unjustified delay can lead to action.
- Administrative Procedure (Regulation) Act, 2013 lets the government regulate procedures.
- Speed up with delegation, single window, e-files, pending-file review and clear time limits.
Group Dynamics, Organisational Norms and Status System
- A group = two or more interacting, interdependent people with a common goal.
- Tuckman’s stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.
- Cohesiveness = how strongly members stick together; groupthink = agreement without critical thinking (Janis).
- Norms = shared, accepted standards of behaviour; can be formal or informal.
- Status = rank or prestige; formal (from post) and informal (from personal qualities); shown by status symbols.
Paper III · Section B: Administration and management
Public Administration: Meaning, Principles and Functions
- Public administration is the management of people and resources to carry out government policies and laws.
- Woodrow Wilson’s 1887 essay “The Study of Administration” is seen as the start of the discipline.
- Public administration aims at public welfare; private administration aims at profit.
- Luther Gulick coined POSDCORB in 1937 in Papers on the Science of Administration, edited with Lyndall Urwick.
- Unity of command means one employee, one superior.
- Span of control is the number of subordinates one superior can supervise well.
- Authority can be delegated, but final responsibility stays with the superior.
- Max Weber’s bureaucracy is an ideal type based on legal-rational authority, rules, hierarchy and merit.
- Line agencies do the main work, staff agencies advise, and auxiliary agencies give common services.
- New Public Management stresses results, customers, competition and managerial freedom.
- Nepal has three levels of government: federal, provincial and local.
Public Administration and Development Administration: Meaning, Features and Differences
- Development administration: term first used by U. L. Goswami (1955); developed by Weidner and Riggs.
- It means both administration of development and development of administration.
- Features: change-, goal- and citizen-oriented, participatory, flexible, time-bound.
- Traditional administration focuses on law, order and rules; development administration focuses on change and results.
- Nepal’s planned development began with the First Plan (2013 BS); the 16th Plan is running now.
Civil Servants: Appointment, Deputation (Kaj), Transfer, Promotion and Leave
- PSC recommends appointment by open and internal competition; 45% of open posts are reserved for inclusion.
- Probation: 1 year for men, 6 months for women.
- Kaj = temporary deputation without moving the post; transfer = move to another post at the same level.
- Promotion is decided by a promotion committee on performance, seniority, geography, education and training.
- Leave: casual 6, festival 6, sick 12 a year; maternity 98 days; maternity care 15; obsequies 15. Retirement at 58.
Organisation: Meaning, Principles, Structures, Span of Control and Delegation
- Bases of organisation (Gulick’s 4 Ps): purpose, process, persons (clientele) and place (area).
- Organising divides work, groups jobs and sets authority relations.
- Formal organisation is deliberate; informal grows from social relations (grapevine).
- Line structure: direct authority; line and staff: experts advise line managers.
- Functional structure was proposed by Taylor and breaks unity of command.
- Matrix structure: dual reporting to functional and project heads.
- Span of control: narrow span means tall structure, wide span means flat structure (Graicunas).
- Authority can be delegated; responsibility cannot.
- Delegation: assign duty, grant authority, create accountability.
Constitutional Bodies of Nepal: Parts 21 to 27 of the Constitution
- Constitutional bodies are in Parts 21 to 27 (Articles 238 to 265); there are thirteen of them.
- The President appoints their chiefs and members on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council (Article 284).
- The Constitutional Council has six members and is chaired by the Prime Minister.
- The usual term is six years, with no reappointment; most bodies require a minimum age of 45 and the office ends at 65.
- Parliamentary hearing is under Article 292; annual reports go to the President under Article 294.
- CIAA (Articles 238 and 239): Chief Commissioner and four Commissioners; investigates corruption by public office holders.
- Auditor General (Articles 240 and 241): audits all federal and provincial offices for regularity, economy, efficiency, effectiveness and propriety.
- PSC (Articles 242 to 244) and Election Commission (Articles 245 to 247) each have a chief and four members.
- NHRC (Articles 248 and 249) has court-like powers and can order compensation.
- NNRFC (Articles 250 and 251) has at most five members and recommends revenue sharing and grants.
- Part 27 has seven commissions; Parliament must review them after ten years (Article 265).
Public Service Commission of Nepal (Lok Sewa Aayog)
- The PSC (Lok Sewa Aayog) was set up on 1 Asar 2008 BS (1951 AD).
- Its central office is at Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu.
- It is a constitutional body under Part 23 of the Constitution of Nepal 2072.
- Article 242 covers composition, 243 covers functions and 244 covers provincial commissions.
- It has a Chairperson and four other members, appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council.
- At least half the members must have twenty or more years of government service.
- Term is six years with no reappointment; minimum age 45 and a master’s degree are required.
- The office becomes vacant at age 65, on resignation, impeachment or death.
- It conducts written exams for the Nepal Army, Nepal Police, Armed Police Force and corporate bodies.
- It must be consulted on principles of appointment, promotion and departmental action.
- No permanent pensionable civil service appointment is made without its recommendation.
- Recruitment steps: advertisement, written exam, interview, merit list and recommendation.
Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration, and Federal Parliament Secretariat
- OPMCM is at Singha Durbar; its administrative head is the Chief Secretary.
- OPMCM coordinates ministries, handles Cabinet decisions, monitors programmes and runs Hello Sarkar; the National Vigilance Centre works under it.
- MoFAGA = civil service management plus federal–provincial–local coordination; keeps civil personnel records.
- Federal Parliament Secretariat serves both houses; its chief is the Secretary General.
Management: Meaning, Functions, POSDCORB, Principles and Levels
- Management gets work done through people efficiently and effectively.
- Efficiency is doing things right; effectiveness is doing the right things.
- Taylor: father of scientific management (1911).
- Fayol: father of modern management; 14 principles; 5 functions (1916).
- POSDCORB by Luther Gulick (1937): Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.
- Unity of command means one employee has only one boss.
- Weber: bureaucracy; Mayo: Hawthorne and human relations; Drucker: MBO.
- Katz’s skills: conceptual (top), human (all levels), technical (lower level).
Leadership and Motivation: Styles, Theories, Maslow, Herzberg and Theory X and Y
- Leadership is influencing people to work willingly for common goals.
- Styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire (Kurt Lewin).
- Managerial grid by Blake and Mouton: 9,9 team management is best.
- Fiedler: contingency; Hersey and Blanchard: situational; House: path-goal.
- Burns (1978): transformational vs transactional leadership.
- Maslow: physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualisation.
- Herzberg: hygiene factors vs motivators.
- McGregor: Theory X and Y (1960); Ouchi: Theory Z; Vroom: expectancy; McClelland: achievement, affiliation, power.
Planning and Decision Making: Meaning, Types, Steps and Techniques
- Planning: deciding in advance what, how, when and who (Koontz and O’Donnell).
- Planning is primary, future-oriented, continuous and pervasive.
- Strategic plans at top, tactical at middle, operational at lower level.
- Standing plans: policy, procedure, rule; single-use: programme, budget, project.
- Herbert Simon: “decision making is the heart of administration”; Administrative Behavior (1947); Nobel 1978.
- Bounded rationality and satisficing are Simon’s ideas.
- Programmed decisions are routine; non-programmed are new and complex.
- Techniques: brainstorming (Osborn), Delphi (RAND), cost-benefit, SWOT, decision tree.
- NPC, chaired by the Prime Minister, prepares Nepal’s national plans.
Control in Management: Meaning, Process, Types, Techniques and Need for Coordination
- Control = checking that work follows the plan and correcting deviations.
- Process: set standards → measure → compare → find deviation → correct.
- By time: feed-forward, concurrent, feedback. By source: internal and external.
- External control in Nepal: parliament, courts, Auditor General, CIAA, media and citizens.
- Techniques: budgetary control, inspection, reports, audit, MIS, PERT/CPM, MBO.
Communication and Coordination in Management: Process, Types, Barriers and Techniques
- Communication process: sender, encoding, message, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback.
- Noise is anything that disturbs communication; feedback completes it.
- Directions: downward, upward, horizontal, diagonal.
- Grapevine is informal and fast but may spread rumours.
- Barriers: semantic, physical, psychological, organisational, personal.
- Coordination is the essence of management.
- Mary Parker Follett: direct contact, early stages, reciprocal relations, continuity.
- Techniques: clear goals, sound structure, meetings, communication, leadership, liaison.
Organisational Change and Organisation Development (OD): Meaning, Process and Resistance
- Change can come from external forces (law, technology, citizens) and internal forces (leadership, performance).
- Lewin’s model: unfreeze → change → refreeze.
- Resistance comes from fear, loss of status, habit and lack of information; reduce it with communication and participation.
- OD = planned, organisation-wide, long-term improvement using behavioural science (Beckhard).
- OD interventions: team building, survey feedback, sensitivity training, MBO, managerial grid.
Time Management: Importance, Time Wasters and Techniques for Public Offices
- Time management = planning and controlling use of time so important work is done on time.
- Time wasters: poor planning, unnecessary meetings, interruptions, procrastination, poor delegation.
- Eisenhower matrix: important + urgent = do now; important + not urgent = schedule; not important + urgent = delegate; neither = eliminate.
- Pareto principle: 80% of results from 20% of activities.
- Tools: to-do list, calendar, Gantt chart, PERT/CPM.
Paper III · Section C: Legal provisions
Government of Nepal (Allocation of Business) Rules, 2074 and Transaction of Business
- Article 82: allocation and transaction of government business by rules approved by the Government of Nepal.
- Allocation of Business Rules 2074 divides work among OPMCM and ministries; Transaction of Business Rules set how work is done.
- Disputes about which ministry should handle a subject are decided by the Prime Minister.
- Provinces have their own allocation of business rules within Schedule 6 powers.
- The rules are amended when ministries change.
Federalism and Local Government in Nepal: Structure, Powers and the Local Government Operation Act 2074
- Article 56: three levels of government, federal, provincial and local.
- 7 provinces and 753 local levels: 6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities.
- 6,743 wards and 77 districts; DCC under Article 220.
- Schedule 5 federal, 6 provincial, 7 federal-provincial concurrent, 8 local, 9 concurrent of all three.
- Residual powers belong to the federation.
- Judicial committee (Article 217): three members, chaired by the Deputy Mayor or Vice-Chairperson.
- Ward committee: ward chairperson plus four ward members.
- Local Government Operation Act 2074 and Intergovernmental Fiscal Arrangement Act 2074.
- Four grants: fiscal equalisation, conditional, complementary and special.
Federation, Province and Local Level (Coordination and Inter-relation) Act, 2077: Bases of Inter-relation (Chapter 2)
- Article 232: relations based on cooperation, coexistence and coordination.
- Coordination and Inter-relation Act authenticated 2077 Shrawan 13.
- Chapter 2 = Section 3 = bases of inter-relation.
- Key bases: national interest and unity, fundamental rights, directive principles, autonomy with common concern, consultation and information sharing, good governance, inclusive governance, effective service delivery.
- Inter-Province Council (Art. 234) is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Local Administration Act, 2028: CDO, District Administration Office and District Security Committee
- Local Administration Act, 2028 = district administration for peace, order and security (Ministry of Home Affairs).
- CDO is appointed by the Government of Nepal and heads the District Administration Office.
- District Security Committee is chaired by the CDO with district heads of security agencies.
- CDO can control gatherings, declare riot-affected areas and impose curfew; force only as necessary.
- DAO (federal office) is different from the DCC (local government body).
Public Procurement Management (सार्वजनिक खरिद) and PAMS: Objectives, Importance, Methods and Process
- Public Procurement Act 2063, Regulations 2064.
- Objectives: transparency, competition, fairness, accountability, value for money.
- Methods: open bidding, sealed quotation, direct purchase, user committee, force account (plus limited bidding, catalogue shopping); consulting: competitive proposals, direct negotiation.
- PPMO is under the OPMCM and runs e-GP (bolpatra).
- PAMS = Public Assets Management System of FCGO for recording government assets.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2074: Councils, Committees, NDRRMA and Disaster Cycle
- DRRM Act 2074 replaced the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act 2039; focus moved to risk reduction.
- National Council chaired by the PM; Executive Committee chaired by the Home Minister.
- NDRRMA (2076 BS) under the Home Ministry coordinates DRR and management.
- District committee: CDO; local committee: Mayor/Chairperson; provincial council: Chief Minister.
- Cycle: prevention/mitigation → preparedness → response → recovery; Sendai Framework 2015–2030.
Money Laundering Prevention in Nepal: Concept, Stages, Act 2064, FIU and FATF
- Money laundering = making crime money look legal; three stages: placement, layering, integration.
- Main law: Asset (Money) Laundering Prevention Act, 2064.
- FIU-Nepal is in Nepal Rastra Bank and receives STRs and TTRs.
- Department of Money Laundering Investigation investigates offences.
- FATF (1989) sets standards; Nepal is an APG member; FATF grey-listed Nepal in February 2025.
Federal Parliament Secretariat Act, 2064 and Employees Administration Rules, 2065
- Two laws: Federal Parliament Secretariat Act, 2064 and Employees Administration Rules, 2065.
- Secretary General: chief administrative officer; appointed by the President on the Speaker’s recommendation.
- Each house has a Secretary; the Secretariat supports both houses and their committees.
- Parliament Service is separate from the civil service, but recruitment is through the PSC.
- Employees must remain politically neutral; conditions are broadly like the civil service.
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