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LAST-WEEK REVISION

Nayab Subba Quick Revision

The key points of 159 lessons on one page, in syllabus order: Preliminary, Paper II, Paper III and final stage. Read it in the last week, then take a mock test.

Paper I: General Knowledge and General Mental Ability

Solar System and Space: Sun, Planets, Moon, Eclipses and Space Missions

  • The solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago; the Sun holds about 99.8 percent of its mass.
  • The Sun makes energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium; sunlight takes about 8 minutes 20 seconds to reach us.
  • Mercury is the smallest and closest planet, Venus the hottest and brightest, Jupiter the largest, Neptune the farthest.
  • Pluto became a dwarf planet in 2006; the asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter.
  • The Moon is about 384,400 km away; its phases repeat every 29.5 days and its gravity is one sixth of the Earth’s.
  • Solar eclipse: Moon in the middle, on a new moon day. Lunar eclipse: Earth in the middle, on a full moon day.
  • Sputnik 1 (1957), Yuri Gagarin (1961), Valentina Tereshkova (1963), Apollo 11 and Neil Armstrong (1969).
  • NepaliSat-1, Nepal’s first satellite, was launched on 17 April 2019 under the BIRDS-3 project, funded by NAST.
Practise →

World Geography Basics: Earth, Latitude, Longitude, Time Zones and Atmosphere

  • Earth rotates west to east in about 24 hours (day and night) and revolves in about 365¼ days (seasons).
  • Axis is tilted about 23.5°.
  • Equator 0°; Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn 23.5°; Arctic and Antarctic Circles 66.5°.
  • Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Greenwich; International Date Line about 180°.
  • 15° longitude = 1 hour; 1° = 4 minutes.
  • Nepal Standard Time: GMT +5:45, based on 86° 15′ E near Gaurishankar.
  • Summer solstice about 21 June; winter solstice about 22 December; equinoxes 21 March and 23 September.
  • Weather occurs in the troposphere; the ozone layer is in the stratosphere.
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World Geography: Continents, Oceans, Latitude and Time, Mountains, Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Rivers, Lakes and Climate

  • 7 continents, 5 oceans; Asia largest continent, Pacific largest and deepest ocean.
  • Equator 0°, tropics 23½°, polar circles 66½°; Prime Meridian 0° at Greenwich.
  • 15° longitude = 1 hour; 1° = 4 minutes; Nepal is GMT + 5:45.
  • Epicentre is on the surface above the focus; seismograph records earthquakes.
  • Nile longest river, Amazon largest by flow, Caspian largest lake, Baikal deepest lake.
  • Ring of Fire surrounds the Pacific Ocean.
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World Superlatives: Largest, Longest, Highest and Deepest in the World

  • Largest continent: Asia; smallest: Australia.
  • Largest ocean: Pacific; smallest: Arctic; deepest point: Mariana Trench.
  • Largest country: Russia; smallest: Vatican City; most populous: India.
  • Longest river: Nile; largest by volume: Amazon.
  • Largest lake: Caspian Sea; deepest lake: Baikal.
  • Highest waterfall: Angel Falls; largest island: Greenland; largest hot desert: Sahara.
  • Blue whale is the largest animal; cheetah the fastest; ostrich the largest bird.
  • Burj Khalifa is the tallest building; Jupiter the largest planet; Venus the hottest.
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Geography of Nepal: Location, Area, Borders and Physical Regions

  • Latitude 26°22′ N to 30°27′ N; longitude 80°04′ E to 88°12′ E.
  • Area 147,516 sq km (since 2077 BS); east-west length about 885 km.
  • Neighbours: China in the north, India on three sides; five Indian states touch Nepal.
  • Mechi in the east and Mahakali in the west; Mahakali fixed by the Sugauli Treaty (1816 AD).
  • Highest point Everest (8,848.86 m); lowest point Kechana Kalan, Jhapa.
  • Hill region about 68%, Tarai about 17%, Mountain about 15% of the area.
  • Chure is the youngest range; Chitwan, Dang and Surkhet are inner Tarai valleys.
  • Nepal Standard Time UTC+5:45, based on 86°15′ E.
  • Monsoon from the Bay of Bengal; the east is wetter than the west.
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Mountains and Himalayan Peaks of Nepal: Eight-Thousanders, First Ascents and Ranges

  • Nepal has 8 of the world’s 14 peaks above 8,000 m.
  • Ranges north to south: Great Himalaya, Mahabharat, Chure (Siwalik).
  • Everest 8,848.86 m (Solukhumbu), height announced by Nepal and China on 8 Dec 2020.
  • Kanchenjunga (Taplejung) is 3rd highest; Makalu is in Sankhuwasabha; Manaslu in Gorkha; Dhaulagiri in Myagdi.
  • Everest first climbed 29 May 1953 by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary; 29 May is Everest Day.
  • Annapurna I (1950) was the first 8,000 m peak ever climbed.
  • Junko Tabei was the first woman on Everest; Pasang Lhamu Sherpa the first Nepali woman.
  • Lowest point: Kechana Kalan, Jhapa; International Mountain Day: 11 December.
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Rivers, Lakes and Glaciers of Nepal

  • Three types by origin: Himalayan (perennial), Mahabharat and Chure (seasonal).
  • Big four river systems from east to west: Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali, Mahakali.
  • Koshi has seven tributaries (Saptakoshi); the Arun starts in Tibet; Sunkoshi, Arun and Tamor meet at Tribeni.
  • Gandaki has seven tributaries (Saptagandaki); it is called Narayani after Devghat.
  • Karnali is the longest river of Nepal and is called Ghaghara in India.
  • Mahakali is the western border and is called Sharda in India.
  • Bagmati rises at Baghdwar, Shivapuri.
  • Rara is the largest lake, Phoksundo the deepest, Tilicho one of the highest.
  • Koshi Tappu was Nepal’s first Ramsar site (1987).
  • GLOF means Glacial Lake Outburst Flood; Tsho Rolpa and Imja are closely watched lakes.
  • First hydropower plant: Pharping, 1968 BS.
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Climate and Seasons of Nepal: Climatic Zones, Monsoon, Rainfall and Six Seasons

  • Altitude is the main factor; temperature falls about 6.5 °C per 1,000 m.
  • Zones: tropical (<1,000 m), subtropical, temperate, subalpine, alpine, tundra (>5,000 m).
  • About 80% of rain falls in the summer monsoon from the Bay of Bengal.
  • Monsoon enters from the east; east gets more summer rain, west more winter rain.
  • Winter rain comes from western disturbances.
  • Wettest: Lumle (Kaski); driest: Lo Manthang (Mustang).
  • Rain shadow: Mustang, Manang, Dolpa.
  • Six ritu: Basanta, Grishma, Barsha, Sharad, Hemanta, Shishir.
  • Weather service: Department of Hydrology and Meteorology.
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Natural Resources and Minerals of Nepal: Water, Land, Minerals and Biodiversity

  • Nepal has about 6,000 rivers; main systems: Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali.
  • Hydropower potential: about 83,000 MW (Hari Man Shrestha); about 42,000 MW feasible.
  • Iron: Phulchoki and Thoshe; magnesite: Kharidhunga (Dolakha); marble: Godawari.
  • Limestone feeds cement factories like Hetauda and Udayapur.
  • Nepal produces no petroleum; Nepal Oil Corporation imports it.
  • Alluvial soil makes the Terai the granary of Nepal.
  • Nepal has about 0.1% of world land but about 9% of bird species.
  • Royalty sharing: federal 50%, province 25%, local 25%.
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Forests and Vegetation of Nepal: Forest Types, Community Forestry and Herbs

  • Forests cover about 40% of Nepal (about 45% with other wooded land), FRA 2015.
  • Sal is the main tree of the tropical Terai; rhododendron is the national flower.
  • Subalpine trees include fir, birch (bhojpatra) and juniper.
  • Forest types: government, community, leasehold, collaborative, religious, protected, private.
  • Community forests are run by CFUGs with an approved operational plan.
  • Forest Act 2049 supported community forestry; current law: Forest Act 2076.
  • Yarsagumba is a high-value medicinal fungus; lokta makes Nepali paper.
  • REDD+ rewards reducing deforestation.
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National Parks, Wildlife Reserve and Conservation Areas of Nepal

  • The National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act was made in 2029 BS (1973 AD).
  • Chitwan (2030 BS) is the first national park; it is also a World Heritage Site (1984).
  • Nepal has 13 national parks; Chhayanath in Mugu (2082 BS) is the newest.
  • Shey Phoksundo is the largest national park and Rara the smallest.
  • Annapurna Conservation Area is the largest protected area; Krishnasar (Blackbuck) is the smallest.
  • Koshi Tappu is the only wildlife reserve and protects the wild water buffalo (arna).
  • Dhorpatan (Baglung, Rukum East, Myagdi) is the only hunting reserve.
  • Shuklaphanta and Parsa became national parks in 2073 BS.
  • Sagarmatha (1979) and Chitwan (1984) are natural World Heritage Sites.
  • Nepal has 10 Ramsar sites; Koshi Tappu was first (1987), Pokhara lake cluster latest (2016).
  • Shuklaphanta is famous for swamp deer; Bardiya for the Gangetic dolphin.
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Provinces of Nepal: Capitals, Districts and Key Facts

  • The Constitution of Nepal 2072 created a federal system with federal, provincial and local levels.
  • Schedule 4 lists the seven provinces and their districts.
  • Provinces chose names and capitals by a two-thirds vote of the Provincial Assembly.
  • Capitals: Biratnagar, Janakpur, Hetauda, Pokhara, Deukhuri, Birendranagar, Godawari.
  • Districts: Koshi 14, Madhesh 8, Bagmati 13, Gandaki 11, Lumbini 12, Karnali 10, Sudurpashchim 9.
  • Karnali is the largest province; Madhesh is the smallest.
  • Karnali was named first (2074 BS); Koshi was named last (2079 BS).
  • Province No. 2 became Madhesh in 2078 BS.
  • Nawalparasi and Rukum were split, making 77 districts.
  • 753 local levels: 6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities.
  • 550 provincial assembly seats in total; Chief Minister is appointed by the Province Head.
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World History I: Industrial Revolution, French Revolution and American War of Independence

  • Magna Carta (1215): sealed by King John at Runnymede; king not above the law; basis of rule of law and due process.
  • Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 18th century; James Watt improved the steam engine.
  • French Revolution began on 14 July 1789; slogan Liberty, Equality, Fraternity; king Louis XVI.
  • Rousseau wrote The Social Contract; Montesquieu gave separation of powers.
  • American Declaration of Independence: 4 July 1776, written by Thomas Jefferson.
  • George Washington led the colonies and became the first US President.
  • Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the American war.
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World History II: Russian Revolution, First and Second World Wars and Indian Independence Movement

  • October Revolution 1917: Lenin and the Bolsheviks; USSR formed in 1922.
  • WWI 1914–1918: started after Franz Ferdinand was shot at Sarajevo; ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
  • League of Nations was formed after WWI; the United Nations after WWII (24 Oct 1945).
  • WWII 1939–1945: began with the invasion of Poland; atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
  • Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan.
  • India became independent on 15 August 1947; Gandhi used non-violence; Quit India in 1942.
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Ancient and Medieval Nepal: Gopal, Kirat, Licchavi and Malla Periods

  • The Gopalraj Vamshavali is the main chronicle of early Nepal.
  • Bhuktaman was the first Gopal king; Mahishpals (Abhirs) followed the Gopals.
  • Yalambar was the first Kirat king; Jitedasti ruled when Buddha visited.
  • Manadev I: Changu Narayan pillar inscription of 464 AD, the oldest dated Licchavi inscription.
  • Amshuverma built Kailashkut Bhawan; Bhrikuti married Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo.
  • Nepal Sambat began in 879 AD (Raghavdev); Shankhadhar Sakhwa is linked with it.
  • Jayasthiti Malla made caste-based social reforms; Yaksha Malla was the last ruler of the united valley.
  • Pratap Malla: 15-language inscription (1654) and Rani Pokhari; Bhupatindra Malla: Nyatapola (1702).
  • The Malla rule ended with the Gorkha conquest of Bhaktapur in 1769.
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Unification of Nepal: Prithvi Narayan Shah and the Making of Modern Nepal

  • Before unification: Baise (22) and Chaubise (24) states, three Malla kingdoms, Sen kingdoms and Kirat areas.
  • Gorkha kingdom founded by Dravya Shah in 1616 BS; Ram Shah famous for justice.
  • Prithvi Narayan Shah: born 1779 BS, king in 1799 BS, died 1831 BS at Devighat, Nuwakot.
  • Parents: Nara Bhupal Shah and Kaushalyavati.
  • First major victory: Nuwakot (1801 BS). Kirtipur fell on the third attempt (1823 BS).
  • Kalu Pande was killed in the first attack on Kirtipur.
  • Mir Kasim’s army was defeated near Makwanpur; Kinloch was defeated at Sindhuli.
  • Kathmandu captured during Indra Jatra in 1825 BS; Bhaktapur in 1826 BS.
  • Divya Upadesh: yam between two stones; garden of four castes and thirty-six sub-castes; support local industry.
  • National Unity Day: Poush 27.
  • Sugauli Treaty (1816 AD) fixed the Mechi and Mahakali borders; Naya Muluk returned in 1860 AD.
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Nepal After Unification (1831 to 1903 BS): Shah Rulers, Regents, Wars and Bhimsen Thapa

  • Rulers after Prithvi Narayan Shah: Pratap Singh, Rana Bahadur, Girvan Yuddha, Rajendra Bikram Shah.
  • Regents for Rana Bahadur: Rajendra Laxmi (to 1842 BS), then Bahadur Shah (1842 to 1851 BS).
  • Bahadur Shah led the biggest western expansion; Kumaon taken in 1847 BS.
  • At its largest, Nepal stretched from the Teesta to the Sutlej river.
  • Nepal–Tibet war ended with the Treaty of Kerung; Nepal–China war with the Treaty of Betrawati (1849 BS).
  • Rana Bahadur Shah was killed by Sher Bahadur Shah in 1863 BS.
  • Bhimsen Thapa was Mukhtiyar from 1863 to 1894 BS and built Dharahara.
  • Court conflict led to the Kot Parva (1903 BS) and the rise of Jung Bahadur.
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Anglo-Nepal War (1871 to 1872 BS) and the Treaty of Sugauli: Battles, Heroes and Results

  • Anglo-Nepal War: 1814 to 1816 AD (1871 to 1872 BS) against the East India Company.
  • Immediate cause: dispute over Butwal and Sheoraj.
  • Nalapani: Balbhadra Kunwar; General Gillespie was killed.
  • Deuthal: Bhakti Thapa died fighting; Malaun: Amar Singh Thapa surrendered to Ochterlony.
  • Treaty of Sugauli signed 2 Dec 1815, ratified 4 March 1816.
  • Nepal lost about one-third of its land; Mechi and Mahakali became borders.
  • First British Resident: Edward Gardner.
  • Naya Muluk (Banke, Bardiya, Kailali, Kanchanpur) returned in 1860 for Jung Bahadur’s help in 1857.
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Kot Parva and the Rise of Jung Bahadur Rana: Bhandarkhal, Alau, Muluki Ain and Europe Visit

  • Kot Parva: 31 Bhadra 1903 BS (14 Sept 1846) at the Kot near Hanuman Dhoka.
  • Cause: murder of Gagan Singh Bhandari, favourite of Queen Rajya Laxmi.
  • PM Fateh Jung Shah and Abhiman Singh Rana were killed; Jung Bahadur became PM.
  • Bhandarkhal Parva: failed plot by the queen; she and King Rajendra went to Banaras.
  • Alau Parva (1904 BS): Rajendra defeated; Surendra became king.
  • Jung Bahadur visited Britain and France in 1850; Muluki Ain 1910 BS.
  • Treaty of Thapathali (1913 BS) ended the Tibet war.
  • Sanad of 1913 BS: Maharaja of Kaski and Lamjung, Shree 3, hereditary PM by roll of succession.
  • Rana rule lasted 104 years (1903 to 2007 BS).
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The Rana Period of Nepal (1903 to 2007 BS)

  • Rana rule lasted 104 years, from 1903 BS to 2007 BS.
  • The Kot Parva of 1903 BS made Jung Bahadur prime minister.
  • Jung Bahadur visited Britain and France in 1850 AD and issued the Muluki Ain in 1910 BS.
  • The 1913 BS sanad gave Jung the title Shree 3 and set the roll of succession.
  • Naya Muluk was returned to Nepal in 1860 AD for help in the 1857 Indian uprising.
  • Bir Shumsher founded Bir Hospital; Dev Shumsher started Gorkhapatra in 1958 BS.
  • Chandra Shumsher ended sati (1977 BS) and slavery (1981 BS) and founded Tri-Chandra College.
  • Juddha Shumsher removed C-class Ranas and opened Nepal Bank (1994 BS).
  • Padma Shumsher issued the first constitution, the Government of Nepal Act 2004.
  • Praja Parishad (1993 BS) was the first political party; four martyrs died in 1997 BS.
  • Tribhuvan proclaimed democracy on 7 Falgun 2007 BS; Mohan Shumsher was the last Rana prime minister.
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Revolution of 2007 BS: Political Parties, King Tribhuvan, Delhi Agreement and End of Rana Rule

  • Nepal Praja Parishad (1993 BS, Tanka Prasad Acharya) was the first political party.
  • Nepali Congress formed in 2006 BS by merging two Congress parties; led the armed revolution.
  • Communist Party of Nepal founded on 10 Baisakh 2006 BS by Pushpa Lal Shrestha.
  • Biratnagar Jute Mill strike (2003 BS) was led by B. P. and Girija Prasad Koirala.
  • King Tribhuvan entered the Indian Embassy on 21 Kartik 2007 BS.
  • Ranas made child Gyanendra king; it was not recognised abroad.
  • Delhi Agreement: King, Ranas and Nepali Congress.
  • Democracy declared on 7 Falgun 2007 BS; last Rana PM was Mohan Shumsher.
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Panchayat System in Nepal (2017 to 2046 BS): Royal Takeover, Features, Referendum and Fall

  • King Mahendra took over on 1 Poush 2017 BS and dismissed B. P. Koirala’s government.
  • Panchayat system was partyless and lasted from 2017 to 2046 BS.
  • Constitution of Nepal 2019 was promulgated on 1 Poush 2019 BS.
  • Four tiers: village/town, district, zonal, Rashtriya Panchayat.
  • 14 zones and 75 districts; later 5 development regions.
  • New Muluki Ain (2020) ended legal caste discrimination; Land Reform Act 2021.
  • Referendum on 20 Baisakh 2037 BS: reformed Panchayat 54.8%, multiparty 45.2%.
  • People’s Movement began on 7 Falgun 2046; ban on parties lifted on 26 Chaitra 2046.
  • Constitution of 2047 promulgated on 23 Kartik 2047 BS.
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Nepal from 2046 to 2062 BS: People’s Movement 2046, Constitution 2047, Maoist Conflict and Royal Takeover

  • Jana Andolan I began on 2046 Falgun 7 and ended on 2046 Chaitra 26.
  • Ganesh Man Singh was the supreme leader of the 2046 movement.
  • Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal: 2047 Kartik 23.
  • First election under it: 2048; PM Girija Prasad Koirala.
  • First communist PM: Man Mohan Adhikari (2051).
  • Maoist conflict began 2052 Falgun 1; royal massacre 2058 Jestha 19; royal takeover 2061 Magh 19.
  • 12-point understanding: 2062 Mangsir 7 in New Delhi.
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People’s Movement 2062/63, Peace Agreement and Republic: From Armed Conflict to Constituent Assembly

  • Armed conflict began on 1 Falgun 2052 BS.
  • Royal massacre: 19 Jestha 2058 BS; Gyanendra became king.
  • Royal takeover: 19 Magh 2061 BS.
  • 12-point understanding between SPA and Maoists in New Delhi (Mangsir 2062).
  • Jana Andolan II lasted 19 days (24 Chaitra 2062 to 11 Baisakh 2063).
  • House reinstated on 11 Baisakh 2063 (Loktantra Diwas).
  • Comprehensive Peace Agreement: 5 Mangsir 2063 (Koirala and Prachanda).
  • Interim Constitution: 1 Magh 2063; CA election: 28 Chaitra 2064 (601 members).
  • Republic declared on 15 Jestha 2065 BS (Republic Day).
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Culture of Nepal: Festivals, Languages, Religions, Ethnic Groups and Art

  • Census 2078: 142 caste and ethnic groups and 124 mother tongues.
  • Article 6: languages of the nation; Article 7: official language.
  • Nepali, Maithili and Bhojpuri are the three most spoken mother tongues.
  • Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam are the three largest religions.
  • Tamu Lhosar: Gurung; Sonam Lhosar: Tamang; Gyalpo Lhosar: Sherpa; Maghi: Tharu.
  • Indra Jatra: Kathmandu; Bisket Jatra: Bhaktapur; Rato Machhindranath: Lalitpur.
  • Araniko spread the pagoda style; Krishna Mandir is in Shikhara style.
  • Nepal Sambat begins on Mha Puja.
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World Heritage Sites of Nepal: Kathmandu Valley, Sagarmatha, Chitwan and Lumbini

  • Nepal has 4 World Heritage Sites: 2 cultural and 2 natural.
  • Kathmandu Valley and Sagarmatha National Park were listed in 1979.
  • Chitwan National Park was listed in 1984; Lumbini in 1997.
  • Kathmandu Valley has 7 monument zones: 3 Durbar Squares, Swayambhu, Boudha, Pashupati, Changu Narayan.
  • Changu Narayan has the oldest dated inscription (Mandev, 464 AD).
  • Nyatapola: Bhupatindra Malla; Krishna Mandir: Siddhi Narasimha Malla.
  • Ashoka Pillar (about 249 BC) confirms Lumbini as the Buddha’s birthplace; master plan by Kenzo Tange.
  • UNESCO: 1945, Paris; World Heritage Convention: 1972.
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Famous Personalities of Nepal: National Heroes, Poets, Writers and Martyrs

  • Gautam Buddha, Janak, Sita, Araniko, Prithvi Narayan Shah, Bhanubhakta and Bhimsen Thapa are honoured as national heroes.
  • Araniko built the White Stupa in Beijing.
  • Adikavi: Bhanubhakta; Mahakavi: Devkota (Muna Madan); Kavi Shiromani: Lekhnath Paudyal.
  • Natyasamrat: Balkrishna Sama; Yugkavi: Siddhicharan Shrestha; Rastrakavi: Madhav Prasad Ghimire.
  • Guru Prasad Mainali: father of the Nepali short story; Parijat: Shirish ko Phool.
  • Shankhadhar Sakhwa started Nepal Sambat.
  • First martyr: Lakhan Thapa Magar.
  • Four martyrs of 1997 BS: Shukraraj Shastri, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Gangalal Shrestha, Dasharath Chand.
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Famous Books and Authors: Nepali and World Literature for Lok Sewa

  • Adikavi = Bhanubhakta; Mahakavi = Devkota; Yuvakavi = Motiram; Kavi Shiromani = Lekhnath; Natya Samrat = Sama; Rastrakavi = Madhav Ghimire.
  • Muna Madan is in Jhyaure metre; Gauri is Madhav Ghimire’s elegy.
  • Seto Bagh = Diamond Shumsher; Shirishko Phool = Parijat; Basain = Lil Bahadur Chhetri.
  • B.P. Koirala: Sumnima, Teen Ghumti, Modiain, Narendra Dai, Jail Journal.
  • First Madan Puraskar: Satya Mohan Joshi, Hamro Lok Sanskriti.
  • Gitanjali = Tagore; Das Kapital = Marx; Wealth of Nations = Adam Smith; The Prince = Machiavelli.
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Agriculture, Industry and Trade of Nepal: Crops, Industries, Exports, Imports and WTO

  • Agriculture employs the largest share of workers and gives about a quarter of GDP.
  • Paddy is the main crop; cardamom, ginger and tea are key cash exports.
  • Agriculture Development Strategy: 2015–2035; first tea estate in Ilam.
  • Biratnagar Jute Mill (1993 BS) was the first big modern industry.
  • Industrial Enterprises Act 2076; FITTA 2075; first SEZ at Bhairahawa.
  • Nepal has a large trade deficit; India is the largest partner, then China.
  • Main imports: petroleum, iron and steel, vehicles, gold; exports: carpets, garments, cardamom.
  • Nepal joined the WTO on 23 April 2004 as the 147th member.
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Tourism and Communication in Nepal: Key Facts, Institutions, Airports, Media and Telecom

  • Nepal opened to tourism after 2007 BS; Everest first climbed on 29 May 1953.
  • Nepal Tourism Board was established in 2055 BS (1998).
  • International airports: Tribhuvan (Kathmandu), Gautam Buddha (Bhairahawa), Pokhara.
  • World Tourism Day: 27 September.
  • Gorkhapatra (1958 BS) is the oldest Nepali newspaper; Radio Nepal began in 2007 BS; NTV in 2042 BS.
  • NTA regulates telecom; NepaliSat-1 was Nepal’s first satellite (2019).
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Transport in Nepal: Highways, Airports, Railways, Ropeways and Trade Routes

  • Tribhuvan Rajpath was the first major highway, built with Indian help.
  • East–West (Mahendra) Highway is the longest, about 1,028 km, Mechi to Mahakali.
  • Araniko and Prithvi highways were built with Chinese help; Siddhartha with Indian help; B. P. Highway with Japanese help.
  • International airports: Tribhuvan, Gautam Buddha (2022), Pokhara (2023).
  • Nepal Airlines is the national carrier; CAAN regulates aviation.
  • First railway: Raxaul–Amlekhganj; Janakpur–Jaynagar resumed in 2022.
  • Main sea ports used: Kolkata–Haldia and Visakhapatnam.
  • Birgunj (Sirsiya dry port) is the main trade gateway; Rasuwagadhi–Kerung links to China.
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Hydropower in Nepal: History, Major Projects, Types and Electricity Trade

  • First hydropower: Pharping (1968 BS), 500 kW; second: Sundarijal (1993 BS).
  • Kulekhani I (60 MW) is a storage project.
  • Kaligandaki A (144 MW) was the largest for years.
  • Upper Tamakoshi (456 MW, Dolakha) is the largest completed project, built with Nepali investment.
  • Arun III (900 MW) is being built with Indian investment.
  • Most plants are run-of-river: surplus in monsoon, shortage in winter.
  • NEA was set up in 2042 BS; load-shedding ended around 2074/75 BS.
  • Nepal sells power to India (since 2021) and exported to Bangladesh in 2024.
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National Income: GDP, GNI, Per Capita Income, Measurement Methods and HDI

  • GDP: value of final goods and services produced inside the country in a year.
  • GNI = GDP + net factor income from abroad; NNP = GNP − depreciation.
  • Per capita income = national income ÷ population.
  • Nominal GDP uses current prices; real GDP uses constant base-year prices.
  • Three methods: production (value added), income, expenditure (C + I + G + X − M).
  • Count only final goods to avoid double counting.
  • Service sector has the largest share of Nepal’s GDP; agriculture employs most people.
  • HDI by UNDP (since 1990): health, education, income; Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen.
  • Simon Kuznets: father of national income accounting.
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Periodic Plans of Nepal: First to Sixteenth Plan, Periods and Main Goals

  • Planned development began with the First Five-Year Plan in 2013 BS.
  • NPC (2013 BS) is chaired by the Prime Minister.
  • Second Plan (2019 to 2022 BS) was a three-year plan.
  • Plan holiday: 2047 to 2049 BS.
  • Eighth Plan (2049 BS) was the first after democracy was restored.
  • Ninth Plan focused only on poverty alleviation; Tenth Plan was the PRSP.
  • Eleventh to Fourteenth were three-year interim plans.
  • Fifteenth Plan vision: “Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali” (by 2100 BS).
  • The Sixteenth Plan (2081/82 to 2085/86) is the current plan.
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Major Scientific Inventions, Discoveries and Recent Scientific Activities

  • Telephone: Graham Bell; bulb: Edison; radio: Marconi; aeroplane: Wright brothers; TV: Baird.
  • Penicillin: Fleming; smallpox vaccine: Jenner; X-ray: Röntgen; DNA structure: Watson and Crick.
  • Newton: gravity; Einstein: relativity; Darwin: evolution; Babbage: father of computer.
  • WWW: Tim Berners-Lee (1989).
  • First satellite Sputnik 1 (1957); first man in space Gagarin (1961); first on Moon Armstrong (1969).
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Evolution, Heredity, Biotechnology and Alternative Energy

  • Lamarck: inheritance of acquired characters (rejected); Darwin: natural selection, On the Origin of Species (1859).
  • “Survival of the fittest” was first used by Herbert Spencer; de Vries explained mutations.
  • Mendel (pea plants) is the father of genetics; DNA double helix by Watson and Crick (1953).
  • Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs); female XX, male XY; father’s chromosome decides sex.
  • Biotechnology: insulin, vaccines, GM crops, tissue culture, DNA fingerprinting, cloning (Dolly, 1996).
  • Alternative energy: solar, micro-hydro, biogas (methane), wind, improved stoves; AEPC (2053 BS) promotes it.
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Emerging Technologies: Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing, IoT, Blockchain and Big Data

  • Emerging technologies drive the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0).
  • John McCarthy coined the term AI in 1956; Alan Turing proposed the Turing Test in 1950.
  • Deep learning is part of machine learning, which is part of AI; ML can be supervised, unsupervised or reinforcement.
  • ChatGPT (OpenAI) was released on 30 November 2022; Nepal approved its National AI Policy 2082 on 11 August 2025.
  • Cloud service models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS (Gmail is SaaS). Deployment: public, private, hybrid, community.
  • IoT connects everyday objects with sensors to the internet; the term was coined by Kevin Ashton in 1999.
  • Blockchain is a decentralised, distributed and immutable ledger; Bitcoin by Satoshi Nakamoto (2008 paper, 2009 network).
  • Nepal Rastra Bank has declared cryptocurrency transactions illegal in Nepal.
  • Big data 5 Vs: Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, Value. AR adds to the real world; VR creates a fully virtual world.
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Human Body and Health: Body Systems, Blood, Hormones, Vitamins and Diseases

  • The small intestine is where most digestion and absorption happen; the liver is the largest gland.
  • Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli of the lungs.
  • The heart has four chambers; arteries carry blood away from it, veins bring it back.
  • The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain; the cerebellum controls balance.
  • The nephron is the working unit of the kidney.
  • An adult has 206 bones; the femur is the longest, the stapes the smallest.
  • O negative is the universal donor; AB positive is the universal recipient.
  • The pituitary is the master gland; insulin lack causes diabetes.
  • Vitamin C lack causes scurvy, vitamin D lack rickets, iodine lack goitre.
  • Malaria is caused by a protozoan; TB by bacteria; polio by a virus.
  • Use ORS for diarrhoea and cool running water for burns.
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Public Health, Food and Nutrition: Nutrients, Deficiency Diseases, Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases

  • Vitamin A → night blindness; B1 → beriberi; C → scurvy; D → rickets; K → slow clotting.
  • Iron → anaemia; iodine → goitre; protein → kwashiorkor.
  • Malaria: Plasmodium via female Anopheles; dengue: virus via Aedes.
  • TB, typhoid and cholera are bacterial; HIV, dengue and COVID-19 are viral.
  • A, D, E, K are fat-soluble vitamins.
  • ORS for diarrhoea; exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months; World Health Day 7 April.
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Materials in Daily Life: Soap, Detergent, Plastic, Fibre, Glass, Fertiliser and Pesticide

  • Soap = fat/oil + alkali (saponification); NaOH → hard soap, KOH → soft soap; detergents work in hard water.
  • Thermoplastics soften on heating (polythene, PVC); thermosetting plastics do not (bakelite, melamine).
  • Natural fibres: cotton, jute, allo, wool, silk; rayon is semi-synthetic; nylon is the first synthetic fibre.
  • Glass = silica + soda ash + limestone; borosilicate (Pyrex) resists heat; cobalt gives blue colour.
  • NPK fertilisers: urea (N, about 46%), DAP (P), potash (K); overuse harms soil and water.
  • Pesticides: insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, rodenticide; DDT is banned due to biomagnification; IPM is safer.
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Chemistry in Daily Life: Matter, Atoms, Acids, Bases, Salts, Metals and Common Chemicals

  • Solid, liquid and gas are the common states; camphor and iodine sublime.
  • Elements have one kind of atom; compounds have a fixed ratio; mixtures do not.
  • Proton is positive, electron negative, neutron neutral; atomic number equals the number of protons.
  • Acids turn blue litmus red; bases turn red litmus blue; acid plus base gives salt and water.
  • pH 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic; blood is about 7.4.
  • Lemon has citric acid, vinegar acetic acid, curd lactic acid and ant sting formic acid.
  • Phenolphthalein is colourless in acid and pink in base.
  • Mercury is a liquid metal; silver is the best conductor; graphite is a conducting non-metal.
  • Baking soda is NaHCO₃, washing soda Na₂CO₃·10H₂O, bleaching powder CaOCl₂, quicklime CaO.
  • Plaster of Paris is CaSO₄·½H₂O and is made from gypsum.
  • Rusting needs air and water; galvanization means a zinc coating.
  • Biogas is mainly methane; LPG is mainly butane and propane; carbon monoxide is poisonous.
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Cell, Plant Life and Classification of Living Things: Biology Notes for Lok Sewa

  • Robert Hooke discovered the cell (1665); Robert Brown the nucleus.
  • Mitochondria = powerhouse; lysosome = suicide bag; ribosome = protein factory.
  • Cell wall and chloroplast are found in plant cells, not animal cells.
  • Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and releases oxygen.
  • Xylem carries water up; phloem carries food.
  • Ethylene ripens fruit; auxin controls growth towards light.
  • Linnaeus: binomial nomenclature. Whittaker: five kingdoms.
  • Bryophytes are the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
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Basic Physics in Daily Life: Units, Motion, Energy, Heat, Light, Sound and Electricity

  • There are seven SI base units; mass is in kilogram and temperature in kelvin.
  • Units: newton (force), joule (energy), watt (power), pascal (pressure).
  • Speed is scalar; velocity is a vector.
  • Newton’s first law is the law of inertia; second law is F = m × a; third law is action and reaction.
  • g is about 9.8 m/s²; mass stays the same, but weight (in newton) changes.
  • KE = ½mv², PE = mgh; energy only changes form.
  • Pressure = force ÷ area; atmospheric pressure falls with height.
  • F = 9/5 C + 32 and K = C + 273; water boils below 100 °C high in the mountains.
  • Light travels at about 3 × 10^8 m/s; myopia needs a concave lens, hypermetropia a convex lens.
  • Sound needs a medium, is fastest in solids, and is audible from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz.
  • Ohm’s law: V = IR; copper conducts and rubber insulates.
  • One unit of electricity is 1 kWh.
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Ecosystem: Types, Components, Food Chain, Energy Flow and Biogeochemical Cycles

  • Ecosystem = living community + non-living environment; term by Tansley (1935).
  • Components: abiotic, producers, consumers, decomposers (bacteria and fungi).
  • Food chain → food web; each step is a trophic level.
  • Energy flows one way; only about 10% passes to the next level (Lindeman’s 10% law); pyramid of energy is always upright.
  • Nutrients cycle: water, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen (gaseous) and phosphorus (sedimentary).
  • Rhizobium fixes nitrogen in legume root nodules; air is about 78% nitrogen.
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Environment, Pollution and Climate Change: Ecosystem, Ozone, Greenhouse Effect and Global Agreements

  • Producers make food, consumers eat others and decomposers recycle nutrients.
  • Energy flows one way in a food chain; only about 10 percent passes to the next level.
  • Biodiversity has genetic, species and ecosystem levels; Chitwan is Nepal’s first national park.
  • Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides cause acid rain; noise is measured in decibels.
  • The ozone layer in the stratosphere blocks UV rays; CFCs destroy it.
  • Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are major greenhouse gases.
  • GLOF means Glacial Lake Outburst Flood; Tsho Rolpa is in Dolakha.
  • Nepal’s cabinet met at Kalapatthar in December 2009 to highlight climate change.
  • Brundtland Report 1987 defined sustainable development; SDGs are 17 goals for 2030.
  • Montreal 1987 (ozone), UNFCCC 1992, Kyoto 1997, Paris 2015.
  • World Environment Day is 5 June; World Ozone Day is 16 September; Earth Day is 22 April.
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Ecology, Biodiversity, Sustainable Development, Climate Agreements, Urbanisation and Migration

  • Ecosystem = living + non-living parts; producers, consumers, decomposers.
  • Sustainable development: needs of today without harming future generations (Brundtland, 1987).
  • 17 SDGs, adopted 2015, target year 2030.
  • Paris Agreement 2015 (1.5–2°C); Kyoto Protocol 1997; Montreal Protocol 1987 (ozone).
  • World Environment Day 5 June; Earth Day 22 April; Ozone Day 16 September; Biodiversity Day 22 May.
  • EIA/IEE are done before big projects; 3Rs: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.
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Population of Nepal: National Census 2078 Key Facts and Figures

  • Census 2078 (2021) was Nepal’s 12th census; first census in 1968 BS.
  • Total population: 2,91,64,578.
  • Females (1,49,11,027) outnumber males (1,42,53,551); sex ratio 95.59.
  • Growth rate: 0.92% per year; density: 198 per sq km.
  • Literacy rate: 76.2%.
  • Most populous district: Kathmandu; least: Manang.
  • Most populous province: Madhesh; least: Karnali.
  • 142 castes/ethnic groups and 124 languages; Chhetri is the largest group; Nepali the largest mother tongue.
  • Hindu about 81%, Buddhist about 8%.
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Nepal’s Foreign Relations: India, China, UK, USA, Japan, and the ASEAN and EU

  • Foreign policy (Article 51): UN Charter, non-alignment, Panchsheel, international law, world peace.
  • Diplomatic relations: UK 1816, USA 25 April 1947, India 17 June 1947, China 1 Aug 1955, Japan 1 Sept 1956.
  • 1950 Nepal–India Treaty of Peace and Friendship; 1923 Nepal–UK treaty recognised independence.
  • Nepal joined the UN on 14 December 1955; founding member of NAM.
  • ASEAN: 8 Aug 1967, Bangkok Declaration, secretariat Jakarta, 11 members with Timor-Leste.
  • EU: Maastricht Treaty 1992, headquarters Brussels, 27 members after Brexit (2020).
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International Organisations and Nepal: UN, SAARC, BIMSTEC and Other Bodies

  • UN Charter signed 26 June 1945; UN came into being on 24 October 1945 (UN Day); 193 members.
  • Six principal organs; the ICJ at The Hague is the only one outside New York.
  • Security Council: 15 members, 5 permanent with veto.
  • Nepal joined the UN on 14 December 1955 and UN peacekeeping in 1958.
  • Nepal was on the Security Council in 1969-1970 and 1988-1989.
  • SAARC: founded 8 December 1985 in Dhaka; secretariat in Kathmandu since 1987; 8 members.
  • BIMSTEC: founded 6 June 1997 in Bangkok; Nepal a member since 2004; secretariat in Dhaka.
  • Nepal joined the WTO as the 147th member on 23 April 2004.
  • ADB headquarters is Manila; Nepal is a founding member.
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Major Treaties of Nepal: Sugauli, 1923 Treaty, 1950 Treaty, Boundary Treaty and Water Agreements

  • Kerung (1789) ended the first Nepal–Tibet war; Betrawati (1792) ended the Nepal–China war.
  • Sugauli (1815/16) ended the Anglo-Nepal war; Nepal lost one-third of its land.
  • Thapathali (1856) ended Jung Bahadur’s Tibet war.
  • 1923 treaty with Britain recognised Nepal’s full independence (Chandra Shumsher).
  • 1950 Peace and Friendship Treaty with India: Mohan Shumsher and C. P. N. Singh.
  • Koshi Agreement 1954; Gandak Agreement 1959; Mahakali Treaty 1996 (Pancheshwar).
  • Nepal–China Peace Treaty 1960; Boundary Treaty 1961 (border over Everest summit).
  • Nepal joined the UN on 14 December 1955.
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Current Affairs September 2026 (Bhadra–Ashwin 2083): Nepal and World for Lok Sewa

  • Bhote Koshi–Trishuli flood: 26 August 2026, ice-rock avalanche from Langtang Lirung.
  • NDRRMA confirmed more than 1,300 deaths by early September 2026.
  • House special committee on the disaster: 15 members, three-month term.
  • Federal Civil Service Bill registered on 1 October 2026; Free Legal Aid Bill passed by the House.
  • National ID needed for health insurance from 16 December 2026.
  • 20th Asian Games: Aichi–Nagoya, Japan; Nepal won bronze in women’s kabaddi.
  • 14th South Asian Games: Pakistan, 3–11 April 2027.
  • 10th National Games: Karnali Province, 2–11 December 2026.
  • Nepal’s forest cover: over 46 percent.
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Important National and International Days: Dates for Lok Sewa

  • Constitution Day: Ashwin 3; Republic Day: Jestha 15; Democracy Day: Falgun 7.
  • Loktantra Diwas: Baisakh 11; Martyrs’ Day: Magh 16; Prithvi Jayanti: Poush 27.
  • Bhanu Jayanti: Asar 29; National Paddy Day: Asar 15.
  • Women 8 Mar, Water 22 Mar, Health 7 Apr, Earth 22 Apr, Labour 1 May.
  • Environment 5 Jun, Yoga 21 Jun, Population 11 Jul, Literacy 8 Sep.
  • Tourism 27 Sep, Food 16 Oct, UN Day 24 Oct.
  • AIDS 1 Dec, Anti-Corruption 9 Dec, Human Rights 10 Dec, Mountain 11 Dec.
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Major Awards and Honours: Nobel Prize, Magsaysay, Oscar, Booker and Nepali Awards

  • Nobel Prize: set up by Alfred Nobel (inventor of dynamite); first given in 1901.
  • Fields: Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Peace; Economics added in 1969.
  • Given on 10 December; Peace Prize in Oslo, others in Stockholm.
  • Ramon Magsaysay Award (Philippines, 1957) is the Nobel of Asia.
  • Nepali Magsaysay winners include Sanduk Ruit (2006) and Mahabir Pun (2007).
  • Pulitzer: journalism (USA); Oscar: films; Grammy: music; Booker: fiction (UK).
  • Fields Medal and Abel Prize are for mathematics.
  • Madan Puraskar is the top award for a Nepali book.
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Sports General Knowledge: Olympics, FIFA World Cup, Cricket, South Asian Games and Sports in Nepal

  • Ancient Olympics: Olympia, 776 BC; modern Olympics: Athens 1896 (Pierre de Coubertin).
  • IOC (1894) is in Lausanne; five rings stand for five continents.
  • Nepal first played in the Olympics at Tokyo 1964.
  • First FIFA World Cup: Uruguay 1930; 2022: Qatar (Argentina won); 2026: USA, Canada, Mexico with 48 teams.
  • FIFA is in Zurich; ICC is in Dubai.
  • Nepal: ICC associate 1996, first T20 World Cup 2014, ODI status 2018.
  • Nepal hosted the 13th SAG (2019) and won 51 gold medals.
  • Volleyball is the national sport of Nepal (2074 BS).
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Famous World Personalities and Thinkers: Leaders, Philosophers, Scientists and Management Thinkers

  • Buddha was born in Lumbini, Nepal.
  • Aristotle: father of political science; Plato wrote The Republic; Kautilya wrote Arthashastra.
  • Lincoln: “of the people, by the people, for the people”.
  • Mandela: first Black President of South Africa (1994).
  • Adam Smith: father of economics; Marx: Das Kapital and Communist Manifesto.
  • Fayol: 14 principles; Taylor: scientific management; Weber: bureaucracy; Gulick: POSDCORB; Maslow: need hierarchy.
  • Marie Curie: two Nobel Prizes; Malala: youngest Nobel laureate.
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Firsts of Nepal: First Persons, Institutions and Events for Lok Sewa

  • First President: Ram Baran Yadav; first Vice-President: Parmananda Jha.
  • First elected PM: B. P. Koirala (2016 BS); first Rana PM: Jung Bahadur.
  • First woman President: Bidya Devi Bhandari; Speaker: Onsari Gharti Magar; Chief Justice: Sushila Karki.
  • First woman minister: Dwarika Devi Thakurani.
  • Durbar High School (1910 BS), Tri-Chandra College (1975 BS), Tribhuvan University (2016 BS).
  • Gorkhapatra (1958 BS) is the first newspaper; Radio Nepal 2008 BS; Nepal Television 2041 BS.
  • Bir Hospital (1947 BS), Pharping hydropower (1968 BS), Nepal Bank Ltd (1994 BS).
  • First martyr: Lakhan Thapa Magar.
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Countries, Capitals and Currencies: SAARC, Neighbours and Major World Countries

  • SAARC capitals: Kathmandu, New Delhi, Dhaka, Thimphu, Islamabad, Kotte/Colombo, Malé, Kabul.
  • Bhutan: Ngultrum; Bangladesh: Taka; Maldives: Rufiyaa; Afghanistan: Afghani.
  • SAARC founded 8 Dec 1985 in Dhaka; secretariat in Kathmandu.
  • Qatar: Doha, Riyal; Saudi Arabia: Riyadh, Riyal; UAE: Abu Dhabi, Dirham; Kuwait: Dinar.
  • Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, Ringgit; South Korea: Seoul, Won; Japan: Tokyo, Yen.
  • China: Beijing, Yuan; Russia: Moscow, Ruble; UK: London, Pound.
  • Australia: Canberra; Canada: Ottawa; Brazil: Brasília; Turkey: Ankara.
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Important Abbreviations and Full Forms for Lok Sewa: Nepal, International, Computer and Banking

  • CIAA: Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority.
  • PSC: Public Service Commission; NPC: National Planning Commission; NRB: Nepal Rastra Bank.
  • UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund; UNDP: United Nations Development Programme.
  • SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.
  • BIMSTEC: Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
  • URL: Uniform Resource Locator; HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol.
  • KYC: Know Your Customer; FDI: Foreign Direct Investment; LDC: Least Developed Country.
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Number Series and Coding-Decoding: Patterns, Method and Examples

  • First find the differences; if they do not help, try ratios.
  • Fast growth usually means multiplication, squares or cubes.
  • Learn squares up to 10 × 10 and cubes up to 10 × 10 × 10.
  • 1 is not a prime; 2 is the only even prime.
  • Split a series into odd and even places when the terms jump up and down.
  • A rule must fit every term; one term that breaks it is the wrong term.
  • Position plus reverse position of any letter is 27.
  • EJOTY gives the letters at positions 5, 10, 15, 20, 25.
  • In letter shift codes, check the shift on every letter.
  • Opposite letter pairs: A-Z, B-Y, C-X, M-N.
  • In substitution questions, answer with the new name.
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Analogy and Classification (Odd One Out): Relationship Types, Method and Examples

  • Say the relationship of the first pair in one exact sentence.
  • Keep the same order in the answer pair.
  • For numbers, try square, cube, square ± 1 and simple multiplication.
  • For letters, write the positions; opposite letters add up to 27.
  • In odd one out, find the shared property first, then the item that breaks it.
  • Learn the common pairs: animal and young, worker and tool, instrument and what it measures.
  • Check every option before choosing.
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Direction Sense and Ranking: Turns, Distance, Shadows and Position in a Row

  • Right turn = 90° clockwise; left turn = 90° anticlockwise.
  • Movements in opposite directions cancel.
  • Distance = √(a² + b²) when the end point is off both lines.
  • Morning shadows point West; evening shadows point East.
  • Total = position from left + position from right − 1.
  • Position from the other end = total − position + 1.
  • Between A and B = difference of positions − 1.
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Blood Relations: Family Terms, Generation Method and Worked Examples

  • Start from the speaker and replace each phrase with a simpler one.
  • Put every person in a generation: +2, +1, 0, −1, −2.
  • Draw a small tree with symbols for male, female and marriage.
  • Do not assume gender if it is not given.
  • “My father’s only son” said by a man means himself.
  • Mama is mother’s brother; phupu is father’s sister.
  • Bhatija is a brother’s son; bhanja is a sister’s son.
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Analytical Reasoning: Seating Arrangement, Ranking, Syllogism and Simple Puzzles

  • Fix sure facts first, then place the rest.
  • Total in ranking = top position + bottom position − 1.
  • In a circle facing the centre, left is clockwise.
  • Syllogism: accept a conclusion only if it is true in every Venn diagram.
  • “Some A are C” does not follow from “All A are B” and “Some B are C”.
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Verbal Reasoning: Assertion–Reason, Statement–Conclusion, Assumptions and Courses of Action

  • A–R: check A, check R, then ask whether A happens because of R.
  • A conclusion must follow directly from the statement; avoid extreme words.
  • An assumption is unstated but necessary for the statement to make sense.
  • A good course of action is practical, related to the problem and not extreme.
  • Deduction: general → particular (certain); induction: particular → general (probable).
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Number System, HCF, LCM and Divisibility Rules: Methods and Worked Examples

  • 1 is neither prime nor composite; 2 is the only even prime; 25 primes up to 100.
  • HCF: lowest powers of common primes. LCM: highest powers of all primes.
  • HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.
  • “Together again” means LCM; “largest equal size” means HCF.
  • Sum of 1 to n = n(n+1)/2; sum of first n odd numbers = n².
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Fundamental Operations, BODMAS, Unitary Method, Fractions and Decimals: Solved Examples

  • BODMAS: Brackets, Of, Division, Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction.
  • Unitary method: find one unit first.
  • Direct: multiply; inverse (work, days): multiply then divide.
  • Fractions: LCM for add/subtract; multiply by reciprocal to divide.
  • x% of y = xy/100; ratio share = total × part ÷ sum of parts.
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Percentage: Rules, Shortcuts and Worked Examples

  • Percent means out of 100; x% = x/100.
  • Fraction to percent: multiply by 100. Percent to decimal: divide by 100.
  • 1/8 = 12.5%, 1/6 = 16 2/3%, 1/3 = 33 1/3%, 1/12 = 8 1/3%.
  • x% of N = x/100 × N; whole = part × 100 / percent.
  • Percent of another number = part / whole × 100.
  • Percent change always uses the original value as the base.
  • If A is r% more than B, B is r/(100 + r) × 100 percent less than A.
  • Successive change: a + b + ab/100 (use minus for a decrease).
  • A rise and an equal fall of r% always give a net fall of r²/100 percent.
  • Growth over n years: P × (1 + r/100) to the power n.
  • Price up by r%: cut consumption by r/(100 + r) × 100 percent.
  • x% of y = y% of x.
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Ratio and Proportion: Rules and Worked Examples

  • A ratio compares quantities of the same kind; change them to the same unit first.
  • Divide by the HCF to get the simplest form; clear fractions with the LCM.
  • Compare ratios by cross-multiplying or by changing them to decimals.
  • Share = total × own part / sum of parts.
  • To join A : B and B : C, make the B terms equal.
  • Compound ratio = product of antecedents : product of consequents.
  • Duplicate a² : b²; sub-duplicate √a : √b; inverse b : a.
  • In a proportion, product of extremes = product of means.
  • Fourth proportional = bc/a; third proportional = b²/a; mean proportional = √(ac).
  • Direct proportion keeps the ratio fixed; inverse proportion keeps the product fixed.
  • In age questions add the same years to both people.
  • When water is added to a mixture, the amount of milk does not change.
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Average and Problems on Ages: Formulas, Shortcuts and Worked Examples

  • Average = Sum ÷ Number, and Sum = Average × Number.
  • Average of first n natural numbers = (n + 1) ÷ 2; first n even numbers = n + 1; first n odd numbers = n.
  • Adding k to every number adds k to the average; multiplying by k multiplies the average by k.
  • Replacement: new value = old value + (number × increase in average).
  • Combined average = (n₁A₁ + n₂A₂) ÷ (n₁ + n₂), not the simple mean of the two averages.
  • n years ago age = x − n; n years hence age = x + n.
  • The difference between two people’s ages always stays the same.
  • For ratio a : b, take ages as ax and bx and form an equation.
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Profit, Loss and Discount: Formulas and Worked Examples

  • Profit = SP − CP; loss = CP − SP.
  • Profit and loss percent are on CP; discount percent is on MP.
  • Extra costs such as transport and repair are added to CP.
  • SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100; CP = SP × 100/(100 + profit%).
  • SP = MP × (100 − discount%)/100.
  • Two successive discounts: a + b − ab/100.
  • Marked m% above CP with d% discount: net = m − d − md/100.
  • Same SP, equal profit and loss of r%: overall loss of r²/100 percent.
  • CP of x articles = SP of y articles: profit = (x − y)/y × 100.
  • VAT is added after discount; at 13 percent VAT the multiplying factor is 1.13.
  • Price before VAT = amount × 100/(100 + rate).
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Simple and Compound Interest: Formulas and Worked Examples

  • Amount = principal + interest.
  • SI = P × T × R/100; the interest is the same every year.
  • P = SI × 100/(T × R); R = SI × 100/(P × T); T = SI × 100/(P × R).
  • From an amount at SI: P = A × 100/(100 + R × T).
  • At SI a sum becomes n times in (n − 1) × 100/R years.
  • Months: divide by 12. Days: divide by 365.
  • CI amount = P × (1 + R/100) to the power T; CI = A − P.
  • CI and SI are equal for the first year.
  • Half-yearly: rate R/2 and periods 2T.
  • CI − SI for 2 years = P × (R/100)².
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Time and Work, Pipes and Cisterns: Methods and Worked Examples

  • If a job takes n days, one day’s work is 1/n.
  • Together: add one day’s works; time = 1 ÷ sum.
  • Two people: time together = x × y/(x + y).
  • LCM method: total work = LCM of the days; units per day = total ÷ days.
  • If someone leaves, find work done first, then share the remaining work.
  • Time is inversely proportional to efficiency.
  • Wages are shared in the ratio of work done.
  • M1 × D1 × H1 / W1 = M2 × D2 × H2 / W2.
  • Inlet pipes add work; outlet pipes and leaks subtract it.
  • Leak’s rate = normal filling rate − actual filling rate.
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Time, Speed and Distance: Formulas, Trains, Boats and Worked Examples

  • Distance = Speed × Time.
  • km/h to m/s: multiply by 5/18; m/s to km/h: multiply by 18/5.
  • Average speed = total distance ÷ total time; for equal distances use 2xy ÷ (x + y).
  • For the same distance, the ratio of times is the inverse of the ratio of speeds.
  • Relative speed: same direction = difference; opposite directions = sum.
  • A train passing a pole covers its own length; passing a platform covers train + platform length.
  • Downstream = u + v; upstream = u − v.
  • Boat speed = (D + U) ÷ 2; stream speed = (D − U) ÷ 2.
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Data Interpretation, Data Sufficiency, Number Matrix and Calendar Problems

  • Percentage change = change ÷ old × 100; pie chart 360° = 100%, 1% = 3.6°.
  • Data sufficiency: decide if data is enough; options I alone, II alone, either, both, neither.
  • Matrix: find the rule (sum, product, square) in complete rows and apply it.
  • Ordinary year 1 odd day, leap year 2; century year is leap only if divisible by 400.
  • 400 years have 0 odd days; add remainder of days ÷ 7 to find the day.
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Non-verbal Reasoning: Figure Series, Mirror and Water Images, Paper Folding, Counting Figures and Dice

  • Figure series: check rotation, adding, moving and alternating changes.
  • Mirror image swaps left and right; water image swaps top and bottom.
  • Mirror-symmetric letters: A H I M O T U V W X Y.
  • Water-symmetric letters: B C D E H I K O X.
  • Real time from a mirror clock = 11:60 − mirror time.
  • One punch through k layers gives k holes when opened.
  • Triangles with n base parts = n × (n + 1) ÷ 2.
  • Opposite faces of a standard die add up to 7.
Practise →

Non-Verbal Reasoning: Venn Diagrams, Counting Figures, Embedded Figures and Dot Situation

  • Venn: inside, overlapping, separate; total = A + B − both.
  • Squares in n × n grid = 1² + 2² + … + n² (2×2 = 5, 3×3 = 14, 4×4 = 30).
  • Rectangles in m × n grid = m(m+1)/2 × n(n+1)/2; triangles with base in k parts = k(k+1)/2.
  • Embedded figure: same size and orientation; dot situation: same conditions for each dot.
  • Mirror image swaps left–right; water image swaps top–bottom.
Practise →

Paper II: Contemporary Studies and Public Service Management

Public, Private and Cooperative Sectors: The Three-Pillar Economy of Nepal

  • Article 50(3): economic development through public, private and cooperative sectors (three pillars).
  • Public enterprises: NEA, Nepal Oil Corporation, Nepal Telecom, Nepal Airlines; many face losses; Privatisation Act 2050.
  • Private sector bodies: FNCCI, CNI; PPP and Investment Act 2075; Investment Board Nepal.
  • First cooperative: Bakhan Saving and Credit (Chitwan, 2013 BS); Cooperative Act 2074; Cooperative Day Asar 21.
  • Seven ICA principles: voluntary membership, democratic control, member participation, autonomy, education, cooperation among cooperatives, concern for community.
Practise →

Cooperatives, Microfinance and Insurance in Nepal: Principles, History and Regulators

  • Robert Owen: father of cooperation; Rochdale Pioneers (1844) first modern cooperative.
  • Nepal’s first cooperative: Bakhan Cooperative, Chitwan (2013 BS).
  • Current law: Cooperative Act 2074; seven ICA principles; one member, one vote.
  • Cooperatives are one of the three pillars of the economy.
  • Grameen Bank: Muhammad Yunus, Bangladesh; Nobel Peace Prize 2006.
  • Microfinance institutions are Class D (laghubitta), licensed by NRB.
  • Insurance regulator: Nepal Insurance Authority (formerly Beema Samiti).
  • Principles: utmost good faith, insurable interest, indemnity, contribution, subrogation, proximate cause.
Practise →

Burning Issues of Nepal: Poverty, Unemployment, Public Health, Food and Social Security, Energy and Social Media

  • Absolute poverty about 20.27% (NLSS-IV 2022/23); multidimensional poverty about 17.4% (MPI 2021).
  • Unemployment about 11.4% (NLFS 2017/18); high youth migration and remittance dependence.
  • Rights: health (Art. 35), food (Art. 36), social security (Art. 43).
  • Right to Food Act 2075; Social Security Act 2075; SSF began 2075 Mangsir; Health Insurance Act 2074.
  • Load-shedding ended in 2018; Nepal exports power to India and Bangladesh but imports petroleum.
  • Social media: benefits and risks; September 2025 Gen Z protests after a social media ban.
Practise →

Inflation, Poverty and Unemployment: Meaning, Types, Causes and Measures in Nepal

  • Inflation is a continuous rise in the general price level; CPI is published by NRB.
  • Demand-pull: too much money; cost-push: rising costs.
  • Stagflation: high inflation with high unemployment.
  • Absolute poverty: cannot meet basic needs; relative poverty: poor compared with others.
  • MPI (UNDP and OPHI, 2010): health, education, living standards.
  • Gini coefficient: 0 equality, 1 inequality.
  • NLSS IV (2079/80): about 20.27% below the poverty line.
  • Disguised unemployment is common in agriculture; PM Employment Programme began in 2075 BS.
Practise →

Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act, 2075: Chapters 1 to 3 (Definitions, Right to Food, Food Sovereignty)

  • Right to Food and Food Sovereignty Act authenticated 2075 Asoj 2.
  • Food security = physical and economic access to food for an active, healthy life.
  • Farmer = agriculture as main occupation or at least 6 months a year.
  • Local level identifies food-insecure households and issues food assistance cards (senior woman member aged 18+).
  • Local level also issues farmer identity cards.
  • The government can declare a food crisis area.
Practise →

Constitution of Nepal 2072: Preamble, Basic Features and National Symbols

  • Promulgated on 3 Ashwin 2072 BS (20 September 2015) by President Ram Baran Yadav; CA chairman Subas Chandra Nembang.
  • Ashwin 3 is Constitution Day; it is the 7th constitution of Nepal.
  • 35 parts, 308 articles and 9 schedules; 31 fundamental rights in Articles 16 to 46.
  • Preamble starts with “We, the sovereign people of Nepal” and aims at socialism.
  • Article 4 describes Nepal as a secular, inclusive, socialism-oriented federal democratic republic.
  • Article 7: official language is Nepali in Devanagari script.
  • Rhododendron, crimson, cow and Danphe are national flower, colour, animal and bird.
  • Article 274: amendment needs a two-thirds majority of total members of each house.
  • Second amendment (2077) added the new map with Lipulekh, Kalapani and Limpiyadhura.
Practise →

Fundamental Rights and Duties in the Constitution of Nepal: Articles 16 to 48

  • 31 fundamental rights are in Part 3, Articles 16 to 46.
  • Article 16: right to live with dignity; no death penalty.
  • Article 17 freedom; 18 equality; 19 communication; 27 information; 28 privacy.
  • Article 30 clean environment; 31 education; 35 health; 36 food; 37 housing.
  • Article 38 women; 39 child; 40 Dalit; 41 senior citizens; 44 consumer.
  • Article 45 right against exile; 46 constitutional remedies.
  • Article 47: implementing laws within 3 years; Article 48: duties of citizens.
  • Writs: habeas corpus, mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto.
Practise →

Directive Principles, Policies and Obligations of the State: Part 4 of the Constitution of Nepal

  • Part 4 has Articles 50 to 55.
  • Article 50: directive principles (political, social-cultural, economic, international).
  • Aim: welfare state and socialism-oriented economy with public, private and cooperative sectors.
  • Foreign policy based on UN Charter, non-alignment and Panchsheel.
  • Article 51: 13 groups of state policies.
  • Article 52: obligations of the state.
  • Article 53: annual report by the government to the President, laid before Parliament.
  • Article 54: parliamentary committee monitors implementation.
  • Article 55: Part 4 is non-justiciable; idea taken from the Irish Constitution.
Practise →

Citizenship in the Constitution of Nepal: Part 2, Types of Citizenship and Non-Resident Citizenship

  • Citizenship is in Part 2, Articles 10 to 15.
  • Article 10: no citizen shall be deprived of citizenship.
  • Types: by descent, by birth, naturalised, honorary, non-resident.
  • By descent: father or mother a Nepali citizen at the time of birth.
  • Child of unknown parents found in Nepal is a citizen by descent until a parent is traced.
  • Article 14: non-resident citizenship for people of Nepali origin outside SAARC; no political rights.
  • Nepal Citizenship Act 2063; no dual citizenship.
  • Certificates issued by the District Administration Office (CDO) from age 16.
Practise →

President and Vice-President of Nepal: Election, Qualification, Term, Functions and Impeachment

  • President and Vice-President are in Part 6, Articles 61 to 73.
  • President is head of state, guardian of the Constitution and Supreme Commander of the Army.
  • Elected by an electoral college of federal and provincial lawmakers.
  • Minimum age 45; term 5 years; maximum two terms.
  • President takes oath before the Chief Justice; VP before the President.
  • President and VP must be of different gender or community (Article 70).
  • Impeachment under Article 101 needs two-thirds of total members of Parliament.
  • First President: Ram Baran Yadav; first woman President: Bidya Devi Bhandari; first VP: Parmananda Jha.
Practise →

Prime Minister and Council of Ministers of Nepal: Article 76, Vote of Confidence and Federal Executive

  • Federal executive is in Part 7; Article 74: parliamentary system.
  • Article 75: executive power vested in the Council of Ministers.
  • 76(1): majority party leader becomes PM; 76(2): coalition; 76(3): largest party.
  • PM under 76(2) or 76(3) must win a vote of confidence within 30 days.
  • 76(7): House dissolved and election within six months if no stable PM.
  • Maximum 25 ministers including the PM.
  • Non-member minister must become MP within six months (Article 78).
  • No-confidence motion: one-fourth of members; not within first two years; must name new PM.
Practise →

Federal Parliament of Nepal: House of Representatives and National Assembly

  • Article 83: the Federal Parliament has two Houses, so it is bicameral; total 334 members.
  • House of Representatives (Article 84): 275 members, 165 by FPTP and 110 by PR.
  • Its term is five years (Article 85); in an emergency it can be extended by up to one year.
  • National Assembly (Article 86): permanent House of 59 members, 56 elected (8 per province, including at least three women, one Dalit and one person with disability or minority) and 3 nominated by the President.
  • National Assembly members serve six years; one-third retire every two years.
  • Minimum age: 25 for the House of Representatives, 35 for the National Assembly (Article 87).
  • Speaker and Deputy Speaker: one must be a woman and they must be from different parties (Article 91).
  • Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson: one must be a woman (Article 92).
  • First session within 30 days of final results; gap between sessions not more than six months (Article 93).
  • Quorum is one-fourth of total members (Article 94).
  • A Money Bill starts only in the House of Representatives; the National Assembly must return it within 15 days, and other bills within two months.
  • At least one-third of each party’s elected members must be women.
Practise →

Judiciary of Nepal: Supreme Court, High Courts, District Courts, Constitutional Bench and Judicial Council

  • Judiciary is in Part 11 of the Constitution.
  • Three tiers: Supreme Court, 7 High Courts, 77 District Courts.
  • Supreme Court: Chief Justice plus up to 20 other justices.
  • Chief Justice: appointed by the President on the Constitutional Council’s recommendation; term 6 years.
  • Retirement age: Supreme Court 65; High and District Courts 63.
  • Article 133: extraordinary (writ) jurisdiction.
  • Article 137: Constitutional Bench of the Chief Justice and four justices.
  • Judicial Council (Article 153) chaired by the Chief Justice; Judicial Service Commission (Article 154).
  • First woman Chief Justice: Sushila Karki.
Practise →

Provincial Government of Nepal: Province Head, Chief Minister and Provincial Assembly

  • Part 13 = Provincial Executive; Part 14 = Provincial Legislature.
  • Art 162: executive power rests with the Provincial Council of Ministers.
  • Province Head: appointed by the President for 5 years.
  • Art 168: Chief Minister; ministers at most 20% of Assembly members; confidence vote within 30 days.
  • Art 175: 60% FPTP, 40% PR; total 550 seats (330 + 220).
  • Largest Assembly: Bagmati (110); smallest: Karnali (40).
  • Schedule 6 = 21 provincial powers.
Practise →

Federalism and Local Government in Nepal: Structure, Powers and the Local Government Operation Act 2074

  • Article 56: three levels of government, federal, provincial and local.
  • 7 provinces and 753 local levels: 6 metropolitan, 11 sub-metropolitan, 276 municipalities, 460 rural municipalities.
  • 6,743 wards and 77 districts; DCC under Article 220.
  • Schedule 5 federal, 6 provincial, 7 federal-provincial concurrent, 8 local, 9 concurrent of all three.
  • Residual powers belong to the federation.
  • Judicial committee (Article 217): three members, chaired by the Deputy Mayor or Vice-Chairperson.
  • Ward committee: ward chairperson plus four ward members.
  • Local Government Operation Act 2074 and Intergovernmental Fiscal Arrangement Act 2074.
  • Four grants: fiscal equalisation, conditional, complementary and special.
Practise →

Constitutional Bodies of Nepal: Parts 21 to 27 of the Constitution

  • Constitutional bodies are in Parts 21 to 27 (Articles 238 to 265); there are thirteen of them.
  • The President appoints their chiefs and members on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council (Article 284).
  • The Constitutional Council has six members and is chaired by the Prime Minister.
  • The usual term is six years, with no reappointment; most bodies require a minimum age of 45 and the office ends at 65.
  • Parliamentary hearing is under Article 292; annual reports go to the President under Article 294.
  • CIAA (Articles 238 and 239): Chief Commissioner and four Commissioners; investigates corruption by public office holders.
  • Auditor General (Articles 240 and 241): audits all federal and provincial offices for regularity, economy, efficiency, effectiveness and propriety.
  • PSC (Articles 242 to 244) and Election Commission (Articles 245 to 247) each have a chief and four members.
  • NHRC (Articles 248 and 249) has court-like powers and can order compensation.
  • NNRFC (Articles 250 and 251) has at most five members and recommends revenue sharing and grants.
  • Part 27 has seven commissions; Parliament must review them after ten years (Article 265).
Practise →

Citizens’ Duties, Civil Society and Civic Education in Nepal

  • Article 48: four duties — safeguard nationality and sovereignty, abide by the Constitution and law, render compulsory service when required, protect public property.
  • Civil society is outside the state and the market: NGOs, professional bodies, unions, community groups, media.
  • Roles: watchdog, advocacy, service delivery, awareness, bridge between state and people.
  • NGOs register under the Association Registration Act 2034; Social Welfare Council under the Social Welfare Act 2049.
  • Article 17: freedom to form associations; civic education builds informed, responsible citizens.
Practise →

Civic Conscience (नागरिक सचेतना): Character Development, Human Values, Civic Duties, Discipline and Positive Thinking

  • Civic conscience = awareness and respect for one’s duties to society and nation.
  • Character: honesty, integrity, responsibility, self-control.
  • Human values: truth, non-violence, respect, compassion, justice, responsibility, tolerance.
  • Article 48: protect nationality and sovereignty, obey Constitution and law, render compulsory service, protect public property.
  • Discipline = following rules willingly; positive thinking = solution-focused attitude.
Practise →

Law: Meaning, Importance and Sources; Act, Rules, Regulation (Bylaws), Formation Order and Rajpatra

  • Law = state-made or recognised rules enforced with penalty.
  • Sources: Constitution, legislation, custom, judicial precedent, juristic writings.
  • Supreme Court precedents are binding (Article 128(4)).
  • Act by legislature; Rules by government under an Act; Regulations by autonomous bodies; Formation Order creates a body.
  • Rajpatra = official Gazette where laws and orders are published.
  • Lower instruments cannot go against higher ones.
Practise →

Rule of Law (कानुनी राज्य): Meaning, Dicey’s Principles and Rule of Law in Nepal

  • Rule of law = government by law, not by persons; everyone is under the law.
  • Roots: Magna Carta (1215); Dicey (1885): supremacy of law, equality before law, rights protected by courts.
  • Elements: constitutional supremacy, independent judiciary, equality, due process, human rights, accountability.
  • Nepal: Preamble, Art. 1 (constitution supreme), Art. 18 (equality), Art. 20 (justice), Art. 133 (writ jurisdiction).
  • Challenge: impunity (दण्डहीनता), delay, interference, corruption.
Practise →

Inclusion and Proportional Representation in Nepal: Constitution, Elections and Commissions

  • Inclusion = bringing all groups into state decisions and benefits; PR = seats in proportion to votes or population.
  • Article 42: right to social justice — participation in state bodies on the inclusive principle.
  • HoR 275 = 165 FPTP + 110 PR (3% threshold); at least one-third women in Parliament (Art. 84(8)).
  • NA 59 (8 per province incl. 3 women, 1 Dalit, 1 PwD/minority + 3 nominated); provincial assembly 60:40.
  • President and Vice-President of different gender or community; ward committee has 2 women incl. 1 Dalit woman.
  • Civil service: 45% reserved; seven inclusion-related commissions in Part 27.
Practise →

Democracy and Human Rights: Meaning, Features, UDHR and the National Human Rights Commission

  • Democracy (Lincoln): of, by and for the people; Nepal has representative, parliamentary democracy.
  • Features: elections, adult franchise, multiparty system, rule of law, separation of powers, free press, human rights.
  • Milestones: 2007 revolution; 2046 movement; 2062/63 movement; republic on 2065 Jestha 15; Constitution 2072 Asoj 3.
  • UDHR 10 Dec 1948, 30 articles; ICCPR and ICESCR 1966; Nepal party since 1991.
  • Fundamental rights: Articles 16–46 (31 rights); NHRC (2057 BS) now under Articles 248–249.
Practise →

Right to Information in Nepal: Constitution and the RTI Act 2064

  • Article 27 of the Constitution of Nepal 2072 guarantees the right to information as a fundamental right of citizens.
  • The Right to Information Act 2064 was authenticated on 5 Shrawan 2064; its Rules were made in 2065.
  • Public bodies include constitutional bodies, government bodies, political parties and NGOs receiving public or foreign funds.
  • Proactive disclosure must be updated every three months (Section 5).
  • Every public body must appoint an information officer (Section 6).
  • Information is given immediately or within 15 days; within 24 hours if life is at risk.
  • The fee is based on the actual cost of providing information.
  • Information may be withheld for national security, crime investigation, economic interest, communal harmony and personal privacy.
  • Complaint to the chief within 7 days; appeal to the NIC within 35 days; NIC decides within 60 days.
  • The NIC has a Chief Information Commissioner and two commissioners with a five-year term.
  • Whistleblowers are protected under the Act.
Practise →

E-Governance (विद्युतीय शासन) and Safe Use of ICT in Government Offices

  • E-governance = using ICT to deliver services and run government.
  • Models: G2C, G2B, G2G, G2E.
  • Examples: Nagarik App, Hello Sarkar, e-GP, online tax filing; Digital Nepal Framework 2019.
  • Electronic Transactions Act 2063 gives legal validity to e-records and digital signatures.
  • Safety: strong passwords, two-step verification, updates, backups, no phishing links, lock screen.
Practise →

Good Governance: Concept, Tools and the Good Governance Act 2064

  • Good governance means accountable, transparent, lawful, participatory and efficient use of public power.
  • Its eight core features include accountability, transparency, rule of law, participation, responsiveness, efficiency, equity and consensus orientation.
  • The Good Governance (Management and Operation) Act was made in 2064 BS, with Rules in 2065 BS.
  • The Act aims at pro-people, accountable, transparent and participatory administration.
  • Officials must decide on time, give reasons and avoid conflict of interest.
  • The Act makes the citizen charter, public hearing and grievance management (complaint box) duties of public offices.
  • A citizen charter shows the service, procedure, time, fee and responsible officer.
  • A public hearing brings officials and the public face to face.
  • A social audit is a review done with the participation of users and the community.
  • E-governance uses ICT to make services faster and cleaner.
  • Main challenges: corruption, instability, weak implementation and political interference.
Practise →

Ethics and Anti-Corruption in Public Service: Values, Laws and Institutions of Nepal

  • Public service values: integrity, honesty, impartiality, accountability, transparency.
  • Conflict of interest must be declared, and the official should stay away from the decision.
  • Forms of corruption: bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, favouritism, policy corruption, extortion.
  • CIAA (Article 238) investigates and files cases in the Special Court.
  • National Vigilance Centre (2059 BS) works under the PM’s Office.
  • Prevention of Corruption Act 2059; CIAA Act 2048; Money Laundering Prevention Act 2064.
  • UNCAC adopted in 2003; Nepal ratified it in 2011.
  • Transparency International (Berlin) publishes the CPI; Anti-Corruption Day is 9 December.
Practise →

Prevention of Corruption Act, 2059 (भ्रष्टाचार निवारण ऐन): Chapter 1 and 2, Offences and Punishment

  • Prevention of Corruption Act was authenticated on 2059 Asar 3; Chapter 2 has offences in sections 3–24.
  • “Corruption” = offences under Chapter 2; “public servant” = राष्ट्रसेवक.
  • Bribery: giver and taker are both punished; fine equal to the amount; bribe confiscated.
  • Commission must be deposited within 7 days.
  • Revenue leakage: double fine; attempt and accomplice: half punishment.
  • High office holders: 3 years extra.
Practise →

Office and Office Management: Meaning, Functions, Layout and Office Environment

  • An office receives, records, arranges, supplies and preserves information.
  • The office is called the nerve centre of an organisation.
  • Office management means planning, organising, directing and controlling office work.
  • Auxiliary functions include safeguarding assets, forms control, purchasing and personnel work.
  • Office layout arranges space and equipment for smooth work flow.
  • Open office: cheap and easy to supervise; private office: privacy but costly.
  • Help desk and darta–chalani should be near the entrance.
  • Good lighting, ventilation, safety and low noise increase efficiency.
Practise →

Filing and Records Management: Methods of Filing, Indexing and Record Life Cycle

  • Filing arranges and stores documents for quick retrieval.
  • Good filing is simple, economical, safe, flexible and quick to search.
  • Classification: alphabetical, numerical, subject-wise, geographical, chronological, alpha-numeric.
  • Horizontal filing keeps papers flat; vertical filing keeps folders upright in cabinets.
  • Electronic filing needs backup and passwords.
  • An index lists files with numbers and locations.
  • Record life cycle: creation, use, maintenance, retention, disposal or archive.
  • Records are destroyed only with official approval; valuable ones go to archives.
Practise →

Records, Indexing (अनुक्रमणिका) and Modern Technology in Record Management

  • A record is information kept as evidence of office work, on paper or electronically.
  • Records give accountability, legal proof and office memory.
  • Types: permanent/temporary, paper/electronic, open/confidential, active/inactive.
  • Index = guide showing where a file is kept; types: page, card, visible, computer.
  • Modern tools: digitisation, database, e-Patra, backup, access control.
Practise →

Communication in the Office (कार्यालयमा सञ्चार): Importance, Types and Means

  • Communication = sender, message, medium, receiver and feedback.
  • Downward: orders; upward: reports and requests; horizontal: between equal sections.
  • Formal and informal; written and oral; internal and external.
  • Written records give accountability; oral is quick.
  • Make it clear, short, timely, through the right channel, with feedback.
Practise →

Management Information System (MIS) in Government Offices: Meaning, Need and Importance

  • MIS = right information to the right manager at the right time for decision-making.
  • Parts: input, processing, storage, output, feedback.
  • Good MIS is timely, accurate, relevant, integrated, flexible and secure.
  • Top level needs summary information; operational level needs daily detailed records.
  • Examples in Nepal: PIS, LMBIS, CGAS, SuTRA, RMIS, e-GP, Hello Sarkar.
Practise →

Government Accounting and Beruju: Budget Release, Treasury, Audit and Settlement of Irregularities

  • FCGO is the central government accounting body; district treasury offices release funds and do internal audit.
  • Single Treasury Account brings all government receipts and payments into one system.
  • Expenditure authority (akhtiyari) allows the office chief to spend under budget heads.
  • Every payment needs a voucher with bills and approval; advances (peski) must be settled.
  • Rules: Financial Procedures and Fiscal Accountability Act 2076 and Regulation 2077.
  • Final audit by the Auditor General (Article 240); report goes to the President and Parliament.
  • Public Accounts Committee of the House discusses the audit report.
  • Beruju: irregular or unproven amounts; settled by recovery or regularisation (farchyaut).
Practise →

Basic Accounting Terms: Double Entry, Journal, Ledger, Trial Balance and Final Accounts

  • Assets = Liabilities + Capital.
  • Double entry: every debit has an equal credit; Luca Pacioli (1494) is the father of accounting.
  • Personal: debit receiver, credit giver.
  • Real: debit what comes in, credit what goes out.
  • Nominal: debit expenses and losses, credit incomes and gains.
  • Journal is the book of original entry; ledger is the book of final entry.
  • Trial balance checks that debits equal credits.
  • Balance sheet shows assets, liabilities and capital on a date; depreciation is the fall in value of fixed assets.
Practise →

Financial Procedures and Fiscal Accountability Act, 2076: Internal Control, Internal and Final Audit, Beruju and Accountability

  • Internal audit by Treasury and Accounts Controller Office; final audit by the Auditor General (Article 241).
  • Beruju = irregular amount pointed out in audit; settle within 35 days of the preliminary report.
  • Beruju types: recoverable, to be regularised, advance, principled.
  • Beruju lagat = register; sampariksan = examining responses to clear beruju.
  • FPFA Act 2076 (authenticated 2076 Asoj 24; Rules 2077) replaced the Financial Procedures Act 2055.
  • Accounting officer (लेखा उत्तरदायी अधिकृत) vs responsible person (जिम्मेवार व्यक्ति).
Practise →

Chart of Accounts, TSA, RMIS, CGAS, SuTRA and Deposit (धरौटी) Accounting in Nepal

  • FCGO runs government accounting; district offices = कोष तथा लेखा नियन्त्रक कार्यालय.
  • Chart of Accounts 2074 (GFS 2014): 1 = revenue, 2 = expenditure, 3 = assets/liabilities; 21111 = salary.
  • TSA = single treasury account; piloted from 2066.
  • RMIS = revenue system; CGAS = government accounting system with EFT; SuTRA = local-level system.
  • Dharauti = security deposit, returned or forfeited; 600-series forms.
Practise →

Jinsi Management (Government Store and Property): Types, Records, Inspection and Procurement

  • Jinsi is the goods and movable property of a government office.
  • Consumable goods are used up; non-consumable goods last long.
  • Demand form → purchase → receipt (daakhila) → jinsi register → issue.
  • Staff hand over goods in their charge when transferred (bujhaarath).
  • Annual jinsi inspection checks the existence and condition of goods.
  • Unusable goods are disposed of by auction (lilaam).
  • Rules: Financial Procedures and Fiscal Accountability Act 2076 and Regulation 2077.
  • Procurement: Public Procurement Act 2063, Regulation 2064; PPMO; e-GP for e-bidding.
Practise →

Revenue Administration in Nepal: Tax, Customs, Excise, Revenue and Deposit (Dharauti) Systems

  • No tax without law (Article 115); all revenue goes to the Consolidated Fund (Article 116).
  • IRD = income tax, VAT, excise. Department of Customs = customs duty (plus VAT and excise on imports).
  • VAT standard rate is 13%; the Finance Act sets rates every year.
  • VAT and domestic excise sharing: 70% federal, 15% province, 15% local. Royalty: 50/25/25.
  • Deposit (dharauti) is held money; it is returned or forfeited (सदरस्याहा).
Practise →

Taxation in Nepal: Direct and Indirect Taxes, VAT, Income Tax and Revenue Sharing

  • Article 115: no tax without law.
  • Canons of taxation (Adam Smith): equality, certainty, convenience, economy.
  • Direct tax cannot be shifted (income tax); indirect tax can (VAT, customs, excise).
  • Progressive tax rate rises with income.
  • VAT started on 1 Mangsir 2054 BS at 13%; VAT Act 2052.
  • Income Tax Act 2058; IRD set up in 2058 BS; PAN issued by IRD.
  • Customs duty is collected by the Department of Customs.
  • VAT and domestic excise shared: federal 70%, province 15%, local 15%.
Practise →

Budget and Fiscal Year of Nepal: Jestha 15, Types of Budget, Revenue and Expenditure

  • Fiscal year: Shrawan 1 to end of Asar.
  • Federal budget on Jestha 15 (Article 119); provincial on Asar 1; local by Asar 10.
  • Economic Survey is released a day before the budget; Red Book gives details.
  • Deficit budget: spending more than income, met by loans.
  • Recurrent spending: salaries and running costs; capital spending: assets like roads.
  • Appropriation Act authorises spending; Finance Act authorises taxes.
  • Consolidated Fund under Article 116; charged expenditure under Article 117.
  • Gender-responsive budgeting began in 2063/64 BS; Auditor General audits accounts.
Practise →

Budget Estimate and Approval Process and LMBIS (Line Ministry Budget Information System)

  • Fiscal year: Shrawan 1 to Asar end.
  • Article 119: budget presented on Jestha 15 to Parliament.
  • Budget passes as the Appropriation Act.
  • Steps: resource estimate and ceiling → preparation → discussion → presentation → approval → release → implementation → audit.
  • LMBIS = Line Ministry Budget Information System of the Ministry of Finance.
Practise →

Civil Service of Nepal: Civil Service Act 2049, Services, Classes, Conduct and Punishment

  • Civil Service Act 2049 (1993) and Civil Service Rules 2050 (1993) govern the civil service.
  • Section 3 lists ten services, including Administration, Engineering, Agriculture, Judicial, Foreign, Audit, Forest, Economic Planning and Statistics, Education and Miscellaneous.
  • Gazetted: special, first, second and third class; non-gazetted: first to fifth class.
  • Section Officer is gazetted third class; Nayab Subba is non-gazetted first class; Kharidar is non-gazetted second class.
  • Recruitment is on the recommendation of the PSC; 45 percent of open posts are reserved for inclusion.
  • Probation: one year for men and six months for women.
  • Ordinary punishments: censure and withholding of promotion or salary increments; special punishments: removal and dismissal.
  • Dismissal disqualifies a person from future government service; removal does not.
  • Compulsory retirement age is 58 under the current Act.
Practise →

Human Resource Management in the Civil Service: Recruitment, Training, Appraisal and Promotion

  • HRM: right person in the right job at the right time.
  • Job analysis gives job description (duties) and job specification (qualities).
  • Recruitment attracts candidates; selection chooses the best.
  • PSC conducts civil service exams under Article 243.
  • 45% of open-competition posts are reserved: women 33%, Janajati 27%, Madhesi 22%, Dalit 9%, disabled 5%, backward areas 4%.
  • NASC (2039 BS) trains civil servants.
  • Annual performance evaluation is used for promotion with seniority and education.
  • Retirement age is 58; main law: Civil Service Act 2049 and Regulation 2050.
Practise →

Manpower Planning, Development and Management in the Civil Service of Nepal

  • Manpower planning = right number, right skills, right place, right time.
  • Process: objectives → demand forecast → supply estimate → gap → action plan → review.
  • Posts (darbandi) are fixed through an O&M survey.
  • Vacancies are filled through the Public Service Commission or by promotion as the law provides.
  • NASC is a key training institution; training includes induction, in-service and refresher training.
Practise →

Provincial and Local Service in Nepal: Constitution, Provincial PSC and Employee Adjustment

  • Article 285: all three levels may form government services by law.
  • Article 244: Provincial Public Service Commission in every province.
  • Province administrative head: Chief Secretary of the province; local level head of administration: Chief Administrative Officer (both deputed by the Government of Nepal).
  • Employees Adjustment Act, 2075 moved staff to provinces and local levels.
  • Federal Civil Service Bill not yet passed (Oct 2026); the Civil Service Act 2049 still applies.
Practise →

Public Service Delivery and Citizen Charter: Principles, Tools, Grievance Handling and E-Governance

  • Service delivery principles: accessibility, timeliness, transparency, accountability, inclusion.
  • Main law: Good Governance (Management and Operation) Act 2064; Regulation 2065.
  • Citizen charter lists services, documents, fees, time, responsible officer and complaint process.
  • Citizen charter began in the UK in 1991 (John Major); mandatory for Nepali public offices.
  • Public hearing and social audit make offices accountable to the people.
  • Hello Sarkar handles complaints; toll-free number 1111.
  • One-door service, mobile camps, e-governance and the Nagarik App improve access.
  • Common problems: delay, middlemen, corruption, poor staff attitude.
Practise →

Public Relations (जनसम्पर्क) and Grievance Management (गुनासो व्यवस्थापन) in Government Offices

  • Public relations = planned two-way communication to build public trust.
  • Methods: help desk, citizen charter, website, notices, public hearing, information officer.
  • Grievance = complaint about delay, misbehaviour, irregularity or corruption.
  • Hello Sarkar (1111) is under the Office of the Prime Minister.
  • Process: receive → classify → investigate → act → inform → record and learn.
Practise →

Paper III (General Administration) · Section A

Darta–Chalani (Registration and Dispatch of Letters): Process, Registers and Rules

  • Darta records incoming letters; chalani records outgoing letters.
  • Darta kitab and chalani kitab are the two main registers.
  • Numbers restart from 1 each fiscal year (Shrawan 1).
  • Darta stamp shows darta number and date.
  • Office copy (karyalaya prati) is kept on file; bodhartha copies go for information.
  • Peon book records letters delivered by hand.
  • Confidential letters go in sealed envelopes to the authorised officer.
  • Register letters the same day; electronic darta–chalani is now common.
Practise →

Patra Lekhan (Official Letter Writing): Parts, Types and Format of Government Letters

  • Parts: letterhead, patra sankhya and chalani number, date, addressee, subject, body, signature, bodhartha.
  • Circular: same message to many offices; notice: public information.
  • D.O. letter: semi-personal letter from officer to officer for urgent attention.
  • Office order: internal order to staff; reminder (taketa): follow-up letter.
  • Endorsement: forwarding a received letter with a short note.
  • A good letter is brief, clear, correct, polite, formal and law-based.
  • Only an authorised officer signs; an office copy is kept on file.
Practise →

Tippani Lekhan (Official Note Writing): Parts, Types, Format and Tips

  • Tippani: official note on a file explaining a matter and proposing a decision.
  • Parts: subject, background, analysis, legal basis, options, proposal, signature.
  • Types: decision-seeking (nirnayartha), information (jankari), simple and detailed.
  • A good tippani is brief, factual, impartial, law-based and in numbered paragraphs.
  • The proposal (prastav) comes at the end.
  • “Sadar” or “manjur” means approved as proposed.
  • Tok adesh is a short order written on a letter or file.
  • The approved tippani is a permanent record of the decision.
Practise →

Report Writing (प्रतिवेदन लेखन): Meaning, Types, Format and Points to Remember

  • Report = organised facts, findings and suggestions for decision making.
  • Types: periodic, progress, special, investigation, inspection, committee.
  • Parts: title, background, objectives, method, findings, conclusion, recommendations, annexes.
  • Be factual, objective, clear, logical and timely; give practical recommendations.
Practise →

Meetings and Minutes in Government Offices: Notice, Agenda, Quorum, Decisions and Muchulka

  • A formal meeting needs notice, agenda, quorum and minutes.
  • Notice gives date, time, place and agenda; agenda lists matters in order.
  • Quorum is the minimum number of members needed for a valid meeting.
  • Majority means more than half of members present.
  • Casting vote: the chairperson’s extra vote to break a tie.
  • Minutes record attendance and decisions in the minute book (nirnaya pustika).
  • Member secretary prepares notice, agenda and minutes.
  • Muchulka records on-the-spot facts signed by witnesses.
Practise →

Seminar, Workshop and Goshthi Management in Government Offices

  • Goshthi = discussion; workshop = hands-on work producing an output; seminar = experts present papers.
  • Steps: before (objective, approval, venue, invitation, logistics), during (registration, sessions, rapporteur), after (report, accounts, follow-up).
  • Expenses follow the approved budget and government expenditure norms; advances must be settled.
  • The rapporteur records main points; the report goes to the authority.
Practise →

Monthly and Annual Progress Reporting, Office Inspection and Monitoring

  • Progress report = work done compared with targets; physical progress (work) and financial progress (spending).
  • Reports: monthly, trimester (every four months) and annual.
  • Progress is reviewed by MDAC and by NDAC (chaired by the Prime Minister).
  • Inspection = on-the-spot check of compliance; monitoring = continuous tracking; evaluation = assessing results and impact.
  • Inspection reports must lead to corrective action.
Practise →

Job Description (Karya Bibaran) and Delegation of Authority (Adhikar Pratyayojan)

  • Job description = what the job is (duties, authority, reporting); job specification = what person is needed.
  • Job description is the basis for accountability and performance evaluation.
  • Delegation = giving part of authority to a subordinate; in government it needs a legal basis and is usually in writing.
  • Elements: responsibility, authority, accountability.
  • Authority can be delegated, but ultimate accountability stays with the superior.
Practise →

Disposal of Administrative Work (Prashasakiya Karya Fachhyaut): Decisions on Time and by Law

  • Fachhyaut = completing an administrative matter by a lawful, timely decision and informing people.
  • Steps: darta → file → study → tippani → decision with reasons → chalani/implement → archive.
  • Good Governance Act 2064: decide within time limits, give reasons, be transparent; unjustified delay can lead to action.
  • Administrative Procedure (Regulation) Act, 2013 lets the government regulate procedures.
  • Speed up with delegation, single window, e-files, pending-file review and clear time limits.
Practise →

Group Dynamics, Organisational Norms and Status System

  • A group = two or more interacting, interdependent people with a common goal.
  • Tuckman’s stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.
  • Cohesiveness = how strongly members stick together; groupthink = agreement without critical thinking (Janis).
  • Norms = shared, accepted standards of behaviour; can be formal or informal.
  • Status = rank or prestige; formal (from post) and informal (from personal qualities); shown by status symbols.
Practise →

Paper III (General Administration) · Section B

Public Administration: Meaning, Principles and Functions

  • Public administration is the management of people and resources to carry out government policies and laws.
  • Woodrow Wilson’s 1887 essay “The Study of Administration” is seen as the start of the discipline.
  • Public administration aims at public welfare; private administration aims at profit.
  • Luther Gulick coined POSDCORB in 1937 in Papers on the Science of Administration, edited with Lyndall Urwick.
  • Unity of command means one employee, one superior.
  • Span of control is the number of subordinates one superior can supervise well.
  • Authority can be delegated, but final responsibility stays with the superior.
  • Max Weber’s bureaucracy is an ideal type based on legal-rational authority, rules, hierarchy and merit.
  • Line agencies do the main work, staff agencies advise, and auxiliary agencies give common services.
  • New Public Management stresses results, customers, competition and managerial freedom.
  • Nepal has three levels of government: federal, provincial and local.
Practise →

Public Administration and Development Administration: Meaning, Features and Differences

  • Development administration: term first used by U. L. Goswami (1955); developed by Weidner and Riggs.
  • It means both administration of development and development of administration.
  • Features: change-, goal- and citizen-oriented, participatory, flexible, time-bound.
  • Traditional administration focuses on law, order and rules; development administration focuses on change and results.
  • Nepal’s planned development began with the First Plan (2013 BS); the 16th Plan is running now.
Practise →

Civil Servants: Appointment, Deputation (Kaj), Transfer, Promotion and Leave

  • PSC recommends appointment by open and internal competition; 45% of open posts are reserved for inclusion.
  • Probation: 1 year for men, 6 months for women.
  • Kaj = temporary deputation without moving the post; transfer = move to another post at the same level.
  • Promotion is decided by a promotion committee on performance, seniority, geography, education and training.
  • Leave: casual 6, festival 6, sick 12 a year; maternity 98 days; maternity care 15; obsequies 15. Retirement at 58.
Practise →

Organisation: Meaning, Principles, Structures, Span of Control and Delegation

  • Bases of organisation (Gulick’s 4 Ps): purpose, process, persons (clientele) and place (area).
  • Organising divides work, groups jobs and sets authority relations.
  • Formal organisation is deliberate; informal grows from social relations (grapevine).
  • Line structure: direct authority; line and staff: experts advise line managers.
  • Functional structure was proposed by Taylor and breaks unity of command.
  • Matrix structure: dual reporting to functional and project heads.
  • Span of control: narrow span means tall structure, wide span means flat structure (Graicunas).
  • Authority can be delegated; responsibility cannot.
  • Delegation: assign duty, grant authority, create accountability.
Practise →

Public Service Commission of Nepal (Lok Sewa Aayog)

  • The PSC (Lok Sewa Aayog) was set up on 1 Asar 2008 BS (1951 AD).
  • Its central office is at Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu.
  • It is a constitutional body under Part 23 of the Constitution of Nepal 2072.
  • Article 242 covers composition, 243 covers functions and 244 covers provincial commissions.
  • It has a Chairperson and four other members, appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council.
  • At least half the members must have twenty or more years of government service.
  • Term is six years with no reappointment; minimum age 45 and a master’s degree are required.
  • The office becomes vacant at age 65, on resignation, impeachment or death.
  • It conducts written exams for the Nepal Army, Nepal Police, Armed Police Force and corporate bodies.
  • It must be consulted on principles of appointment, promotion and departmental action.
  • No permanent pensionable civil service appointment is made without its recommendation.
  • Recruitment steps: advertisement, written exam, interview, merit list and recommendation.
Practise →

Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration, and Federal Parliament Secretariat

  • OPMCM is at Singha Durbar; its administrative head is the Chief Secretary.
  • OPMCM coordinates ministries, handles Cabinet decisions, monitors programmes and runs Hello Sarkar; the National Vigilance Centre works under it.
  • MoFAGA = civil service management plus federal–provincial–local coordination; keeps civil personnel records.
  • Federal Parliament Secretariat serves both houses; its chief is the Secretary General.
Practise →

Management: Meaning, Functions, POSDCORB, Principles and Levels

  • Management gets work done through people efficiently and effectively.
  • Efficiency is doing things right; effectiveness is doing the right things.
  • Taylor: father of scientific management (1911).
  • Fayol: father of modern management; 14 principles; 5 functions (1916).
  • POSDCORB by Luther Gulick (1937): Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting.
  • Unity of command means one employee has only one boss.
  • Weber: bureaucracy; Mayo: Hawthorne and human relations; Drucker: MBO.
  • Katz’s skills: conceptual (top), human (all levels), technical (lower level).
Practise →

Leadership and Motivation: Styles, Theories, Maslow, Herzberg and Theory X and Y

  • Leadership is influencing people to work willingly for common goals.
  • Styles: autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire (Kurt Lewin).
  • Managerial grid by Blake and Mouton: 9,9 team management is best.
  • Fiedler: contingency; Hersey and Blanchard: situational; House: path-goal.
  • Burns (1978): transformational vs transactional leadership.
  • Maslow: physiological, safety, social, esteem, self-actualisation.
  • Herzberg: hygiene factors vs motivators.
  • McGregor: Theory X and Y (1960); Ouchi: Theory Z; Vroom: expectancy; McClelland: achievement, affiliation, power.
Practise →

Planning and Decision Making: Meaning, Types, Steps and Techniques

  • Planning: deciding in advance what, how, when and who (Koontz and O’Donnell).
  • Planning is primary, future-oriented, continuous and pervasive.
  • Strategic plans at top, tactical at middle, operational at lower level.
  • Standing plans: policy, procedure, rule; single-use: programme, budget, project.
  • Herbert Simon: “decision making is the heart of administration”; Administrative Behavior (1947); Nobel 1978.
  • Bounded rationality and satisficing are Simon’s ideas.
  • Programmed decisions are routine; non-programmed are new and complex.
  • Techniques: brainstorming (Osborn), Delphi (RAND), cost-benefit, SWOT, decision tree.
  • NPC, chaired by the Prime Minister, prepares Nepal’s national plans.
Practise →

Control in Management: Meaning, Process, Types, Techniques and Need for Coordination

  • Control = checking that work follows the plan and correcting deviations.
  • Process: set standards → measure → compare → find deviation → correct.
  • By time: feed-forward, concurrent, feedback. By source: internal and external.
  • External control in Nepal: parliament, courts, Auditor General, CIAA, media and citizens.
  • Techniques: budgetary control, inspection, reports, audit, MIS, PERT/CPM, MBO.
Practise →

Communication and Coordination in Management: Process, Types, Barriers and Techniques

  • Communication process: sender, encoding, message, channel, decoding, receiver, feedback.
  • Noise is anything that disturbs communication; feedback completes it.
  • Directions: downward, upward, horizontal, diagonal.
  • Grapevine is informal and fast but may spread rumours.
  • Barriers: semantic, physical, psychological, organisational, personal.
  • Coordination is the essence of management.
  • Mary Parker Follett: direct contact, early stages, reciprocal relations, continuity.
  • Techniques: clear goals, sound structure, meetings, communication, leadership, liaison.
Practise →

Organisational Change and Organisation Development (OD): Meaning, Process and Resistance

  • Change can come from external forces (law, technology, citizens) and internal forces (leadership, performance).
  • Lewin’s model: unfreeze → change → refreeze.
  • Resistance comes from fear, loss of status, habit and lack of information; reduce it with communication and participation.
  • OD = planned, organisation-wide, long-term improvement using behavioural science (Beckhard).
  • OD interventions: team building, survey feedback, sensitivity training, MBO, managerial grid.
Practise →

Time Management: Importance, Time Wasters and Techniques for Public Offices

  • Time management = planning and controlling use of time so important work is done on time.
  • Time wasters: poor planning, unnecessary meetings, interruptions, procrastination, poor delegation.
  • Eisenhower matrix: important + urgent = do now; important + not urgent = schedule; not important + urgent = delegate; neither = eliminate.
  • Pareto principle: 80% of results from 20% of activities.
  • Tools: to-do list, calendar, Gantt chart, PERT/CPM.
Practise →

Paper III (General Administration) · Section C

Government of Nepal (Allocation of Business) Rules, 2074 and Transaction of Business

  • Article 82: allocation and transaction of government business by rules approved by the Government of Nepal.
  • Allocation of Business Rules 2074 divides work among OPMCM and ministries; Transaction of Business Rules set how work is done.
  • Disputes about which ministry should handle a subject are decided by the Prime Minister.
  • Provinces have their own allocation of business rules within Schedule 6 powers.
  • The rules are amended when ministries change.
Practise →

Federation, Province and Local Level (Coordination and Inter-relation) Act, 2077: Bases of Inter-relation (Chapter 2)

  • Article 232: relations based on cooperation, coexistence and coordination.
  • Coordination and Inter-relation Act authenticated 2077 Shrawan 13.
  • Chapter 2 = Section 3 = bases of inter-relation.
  • Key bases: national interest and unity, fundamental rights, directive principles, autonomy with common concern, consultation and information sharing, good governance, inclusive governance, effective service delivery.
  • Inter-Province Council (Art. 234) is chaired by the Prime Minister.
Practise →

Local Administration Act, 2028: CDO, District Administration Office and District Security Committee

  • Local Administration Act, 2028 = district administration for peace, order and security (Ministry of Home Affairs).
  • CDO is appointed by the Government of Nepal and heads the District Administration Office.
  • District Security Committee is chaired by the CDO with district heads of security agencies.
  • CDO can control gatherings, declare riot-affected areas and impose curfew; force only as necessary.
  • DAO (federal office) is different from the DCC (local government body).
Practise →

Public Procurement Management (सार्वजनिक खरिद) and PAMS: Objectives, Importance, Methods and Process

  • Public Procurement Act 2063, Regulations 2064.
  • Objectives: transparency, competition, fairness, accountability, value for money.
  • Methods: open bidding, sealed quotation, direct purchase, user committee, force account (plus limited bidding, catalogue shopping); consulting: competitive proposals, direct negotiation.
  • PPMO is under the OPMCM and runs e-GP (bolpatra).
  • PAMS = Public Assets Management System of FCGO for recording government assets.
Practise →

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2074: Councils, Committees, NDRRMA and Disaster Cycle

  • DRRM Act 2074 replaced the Natural Calamity (Relief) Act 2039; focus moved to risk reduction.
  • National Council chaired by the PM; Executive Committee chaired by the Home Minister.
  • NDRRMA (2076 BS) under the Home Ministry coordinates DRR and management.
  • District committee: CDO; local committee: Mayor/Chairperson; provincial council: Chief Minister.
  • Cycle: prevention/mitigation → preparedness → response → recovery; Sendai Framework 2015–2030.
Practise →

Money Laundering Prevention in Nepal: Concept, Stages, Act 2064, FIU and FATF

  • Money laundering = making crime money look legal; three stages: placement, layering, integration.
  • Main law: Asset (Money) Laundering Prevention Act, 2064.
  • FIU-Nepal is in Nepal Rastra Bank and receives STRs and TTRs.
  • Department of Money Laundering Investigation investigates offences.
  • FATF (1989) sets standards; Nepal is an APG member; FATF grey-listed Nepal in February 2025.
Practise →

Federal Parliament Secretariat Act, 2064 and Employees Administration Rules, 2065

  • Two laws: Federal Parliament Secretariat Act, 2064 and Employees Administration Rules, 2065.
  • Secretary General: chief administrative officer; appointed by the President on the Speaker’s recommendation.
  • Each house has a Secretary; the Secretariat supports both houses and their committees.
  • Parliament Service is separate from the civil service, but recruitment is through the PSC.
  • Employees must remain politically neutral; conditions are broadly like the civil service.
Practise →

Final stage: Computer skill test and interview

Nayab Subba Final Stage: Computer Skill Test and Interview Guide with Sample Questions

  • Final stage = 40 marks: computer skill test 10 (practical, 15 minutes) + interview 30 (oral).
  • Final result = Stage II written (200) + final stage (40); preliminary is screening only.
  • Practise Windows files, Word formatting and tables, simple Excel formulas, Nepali and English typing.
  • Interview checks personality, communication, job knowledge, awareness and integrity.
  • Answer situation questions with law, integrity and politeness.
Practise →

Operating System and Windows Basics: Types, Booting, Files and Shortcuts

  • The OS manages processes, memory, files, devices and security, and gives the user interface.
  • MS-DOS has a command line (CUI); Windows has a graphical interface (GUI).
  • A real-time OS is used where a quick, fixed response time is needed.
  • Cold boot starts from power off; warm boot restarts a running computer.
  • BIOS or UEFI starts the booting, and POST checks the hardware.
  • Shift + Delete deletes a file permanently, without the Recycle Bin.
  • F2 renames, Alt + F4 closes, Windows + L locks, Windows + D shows the desktop.
  • Linux was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991; Android uses the Linux kernel.
Practise →

MS Word Notes: Word Processing, Ribbon Tabs, Formatting, Mail Merge and Shortcuts

  • Word saves as .docx (2007 onwards); templates are .dotx.
  • The Ribbon has tabs; Mail Merge is on Mailings, Table of Contents and Footnote on References, Spelling and Word Count on Review.
  • Format Painter copies formatting.
  • Portrait is tall and Landscape is wide; set them on the Layout tab.
  • A footnote is at the bottom of the page; an endnote is at the end of the document.
  • Mail merge needs a main document and a data source.
  • Unicode fonts such as Kalimati show Nepali correctly everywhere; Preeti is non-Unicode.
  • Ctrl + E centre, Ctrl + J justify, F7 spelling, F12 Save As, Ctrl + Enter page break, Shift + F3 change case.
Practise →

MS Excel Notes: Cells, Formulas, Functions, Cell References, Errors and Shortcuts

  • A workbook (.xlsx) contains worksheets; a cell is named by column letter and row number, such as B5.
  • Excel 2007 onwards: 1,048,576 rows and 16,384 columns (last column XFD).
  • Every formula starts with =; =2+3*4 gives 14.
  • COUNT counts numbers only; COUNTA counts all non-empty cells.
  • $A$1 is absolute, A1 is relative, $A1 and A$1 are mixed; F4 switches between them.
  • #DIV/0! means division by zero; ##### means the column is too narrow.
  • A pie chart shows parts of a whole; a line chart shows a trend over time.
  • Ctrl + ; inserts the date, Alt + Enter gives a new line in a cell, Alt + = is AutoSum.
Practise →

Kharidar Computer Skill Test Guide: Devanagari and English Typing, Windows Basics and MS Word (with Marking Scheme)

  • Computer test: 10 marks, practical, 15 minutes.
  • Nepali typing 2.5 marks (150 words, 5 min); English typing 2.5 marks (200 words, 5 min); Windows + Word 5 marks.
  • Correct WPM = (total words − wrong words) ÷ 5.
  • Full marks: 25+ correct Nepali WPM; 30+ correct English WPM.
  • Word tasks: save as, line spacing, header, margins, page numbers.
Practise →

Kharidar Interview Preparation: 30 Common Questions with Sample Answers and Tips

  • Interview = 30 marks; tests personality, knowledge, attitude and judgement.
  • Know your application form, district and job duties well.
  • In situation questions always choose: law + honesty + polite service + inform the chief.
  • Never guess wrong facts; say you will learn.
  • Dress simply, be punctual, keep calm and respectful.
Practise →

Next: Preliminary mock test 1 · Mock test 2 · Mock test 3 · Paper II model answers

Loksewa Pathsala is an independent educational platform. It is not affiliated with the Public Service Commission (Lok Sewa Aayog) or the Government of Nepal. · लोक सेवा आयोगको आधिकारिक साइट होइन। · Sources & disclaimer
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